ari cynocephali, varume vasinganzwisisike vane misoro yembwaDzave dzichionekwa kwemazana emakore munhoroondo, mamepu, uye ngano kubva kumativi ose enyika. Kubva kare kusvika kuMiddle Ages, vafambi, nyanzvi dzejogirafi, nevanhu vechitendero vaiti vakazviona kana kuti, vakambonzwa nezvazvo sekunge vanhu chaivo vari kumagumo enyika inozivikanwa.
Kure nekungova chikara chinobva mungano, cynocephali imhuka munhu mukuru mukunzwisisa kuti tsika dzakasiyana dzaifungidzira sei "imwe"Zvikara, zvekune dzimwe nyika, zvechihedheni. Ijipiti, India, China, nyika yeGirisi neRoma, uye chiKristudhomu chepakati nepakati chaitaura nyaya dzezvisikwa izvi zvakasanganiswa zvaigara munzvimbo dziri kure, zvaiita sevarwi vanotyisa kana kuti vanodya vanhu, uye dzimwe nguva vaitova vatsvene.
Chii chinonzi cynocephali uye ngano iyi inobva kupi?
Izwi rekuti cynocephalus rinobva muchiGiriki uye rinoreva kuti "Musoro wembwa"Inoreva zvisikwa zvine muviri wemunhu nechiso chembwa (kana chegava, mhumhi, kana chimwe chikara), zvinowanzotsanangurwa sezvikara, zvine chisimba, uye, munyaya dzakawanda, zvinodya vanhu. Haisi ngano imwe chete, asi ipfungwa inoonekwa kakawanda mutsika dzakasiyana-siyana.
Mifananidzo nengano zvakapa zvisikwa izvi basa rinodzokororwa pamucheto wenyika inozivikanwaDzinoiswa pazvitsuwa zviri kure, mumarenje ari kure, kana munzvimbo dzisina kunyatso tsvakwa. Nenzira iyi, cynocephali inoshanda sechiratidzo chezvinhu zvisingazivikanwi, zvevanhu vanoonekwa sevatorwa mutsika dzavo.
Dzimwe tsika dzekare dzakavafunga zvakananga mhuka dzine pfungwa kana mhuka dzenganoKunyange hazvo vamwe vakanga vasina chokwadi chekuti vanofanira kuvaisa muzvikamu zvevanhu, zvikara, kana chimwe chinhu chiri pakati pavo. Kusanzwisisika uku kwakaita kuti ngano iyi ikwanise kuchinja zviri nyore zvichienderana nemamiriro akasiyana enhoroondo nechitendero.
Kubva pauchapupu hwepakutanga hwakanyorwa kusvika kumabhuku makuru ekare, anotsanangurwa se varwi vanotyisa, vavhimi vane hunyanzvi, vanodya nyama mbishi uye, panguva imwe chete, sevanhu vanokwanisa kutengesa, kunamata vamwari, uye kuzvironga munzanga dzavo.
Cynocephali mungano nechitendero chekare cheIjipita
Imwe yenhoroondo dzekare dzine chekuita ne cynocephali ndeye mwari weEgipita Anubis, ishe wevakafa ane mukurumbiraMwari uyu anomiririrwa nemuviri wemunhu nemusoro wegava, mhuka ine chekuita nemakuva nenyika yemariro muNile Valley.
Anubis, yakabatana ne tsika dzepasi pevhu nedzemariroAnomiririra pfungwa yemwari akasanganiswa anosanganisa hunhu hwevanhu nehwembwa. Kunyangwe asinganzi cynocephalus muzvinyorwa zveIjipita, mufananidzo wake semurume ane musoro wembwa unoonekwa sechiratidzo chine simba guru mukukura kwengano yembwa-murume.
Mumwe munhu ane hukama naye munharaunda yeIjipita ndewe Aani, zita rakapihwa kune zvimwe zvisikwa zvakatsaurirwa kuna mwari Thoth. Mune zvimwe zviratidzo, Thoth pachake, anowanzobatanidzwa neibis, anoonekwawo se cynocephalus, izvo zvinoratidza kuti Chimiro chemunhu ane musoro wemhuka chaive chiratidzo chekufananidzira zvakajairika kuratidza masimba aMwari kana epasirese.
Uchapupu kubva kuClassical Antiquity: Greece neIndian World
Mutsika dzechiGiriki neRoma, cynocephali inoonekwa se vanhu vari kure uye vasinganzwisisike vanogara pamucheto wenzvimbo inozivikanwaKusanganiswa kwenyaya dzevafambi, makuhwa, uye fungidziro kwakaita kuti pave netsananguro dzakadzama dzevarume ava vane misoro yembwa.
Nyanzvi yejogirafi yechiGiriki Megasthenes (c. 350-290 BC), uyo akaenda kuIndia kunenge muna 302 BC kudare raSandracottus (anowanzozivikanwa saChandragupta Maurya), anoti akanzwa nezvezvisikwa izvi. Mubasa rake paIndia, anozvitsanangura se vavhimi vairarama nekudya nyama uye kuti vaichinjana zvinhu zvakaita seamber nepepuru zvakawanikwa kubva mumiti vachichinjana neupfu nesirika nevagari vemuIndia.
Mungano dzeIndia, cynocephali inoratidzwa se vanodya nyama mbishi vasingagutinemazino makuru uye anotyisa. Izvi zvinosimbisa mufananidzo wezvisikwa zvinotyisa, zvisingagone kugutsa, zvinogara pamucheto pebudiriro, kunyange zvazvo zvichiramba zvichidyidzana nevamwe vanhu mune zvekutengeserana.
Munyori wenhetembo wechiGiriki Hesiod Akanga atotaura nezvezvisikwa zvakafanana, zvaakati "hemikanes," vagari venyika dzeMassagetae. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti pfungwa yezvisikwa hafu murume, hafu imbwa Yaiva mufungidziro dzechiGiriki kubva pazera diki, yakabatana nenzvimbo dziri kure uye dzisinganyanyozivikanwa.
Imwe nzvimbo huru inobva kuAntiquity ndeiyi HerodotusMuzana remakore rechishanu BC, munyori wenhoroondo uyu anoisa cynocephali munzvimbo iri kumabvazuva kweLibya, kwaanogara nenyoka, shumba, nzou, nezvimwe zvisikwa zvinoshamisa, kusanganisira varume vasina misoro vane maziso muzvipfuva zvavo. Saka Herodotus anosanganisira cynocephali mukabhuku kakakura ke zvishamiso zvenzvimbo nezvikara uyo, maererano naye, akagara kumigumo yenyika.
Makore Epakati: VaCynocephalians vari pazvitsuwa zviri kure nenzvimbo dzezvishamiso
Nekusvika kweMiddle Ages, ngano yecynocephali haina kunyangarika, asi yakachinja uye yakachinjika kumamiriro matsva echiKristu uye mafambiro ekuongorora. Nhoroondo dzeMiddle Ages dzinoisa zvisikwa izvi mu zvitsuwa zvinoshamisa, zvitsuwa zviri kure, nenzvimbo dzinenge dzengano, inowanzobatanidzwa nehuhedheni uye vavengi vekutenda kwechiKristu.
Mufambi anozivikanwa wekuVenice Marco Polo (1254-1324) anotaura nezvevarume vane misoro yembwa vainzi vaigara muAndaman Islands muBay of Bengal. Anovatsanangura sevanhu vasinganzwisisike uye vane njodzi, achisimbisa pfungwa yekuti, kunze kwenzira dzinozivikanwa, kwaive nevanhu vanotyisa kana vakaremara.
Nguva pfupi yapfuura, muzana remakore rechi14, John Mandeville —munyori webhuku rekufamba rine mukurumbira rinosanganisa chokwadi nefungidziro— anoisa cynocephali muNicobar Islands, zvakare muIndian Ocean. Ikoko vaive chikamu cheboka rezvisikwa zvekune dzimwe nyika zvaizadza shanduro yake yenyika, yakazara ne zvishamiso, zvikara nemarudzi asinganzwisisike.
Mukufanana, ngano dzemuMiddle Ages dzinotaura nezvechitsuwa chinonzi chinonzi Macumeravagari vayo vaizova nemisoro yembwa. Marco Polo angadai akabatanidza nzvimbo iyi nechitsuwa chiri muAndaman Islands, nokudaro achisimbisa hukama pakati zvitsuwa zviri kure zveIndian Ocean nevanhu vane mapfupa asina kusimba.
MuCroatia yekare, panotaurwa nezvedzinza re Sinkiavo vakavanza zviso zvavo pasi pemachira akafanana nemisoro yembwa. Zvingangodaro kuti ngano ye cynocephali yakabva kana kuti yakakurudzirwa neruzivo urwu nekuwedzeredza. rudzi rweumambo rwakachinjwa kuita chikara chine ngano kuburikidza nekutaura nemuromo uye kutaura zvinhu zvisina musoro.
Nhoroondo dzevafambi vechiKristu: Bartholomew muRungu uye Odoric wePordenone
Mabhuku ekare eEnisaikoropidhiya akataurawo nezvezvisikwa izvi. Bhatoromeo weChirungu, akafa muna 1272, anosanganisira mubhuku rake reencyclopedia De proprietatibus rerum kuvapo kwezvisikwa zvikuru, kusanganisira cynocephali. Anoti ndizvo zvinoshamisa zvekuti haafungi kana vari varume zvechokwadi, vachinyanya kuvaona semhuka.
Marudzi aya eenisaikoropidhiya haana kushanda semabhuku esainzi emazuva ano, asi semabhuku ekunyora emazuva ano. miunganidzwa yeruzivo, makuhwa, uye masimba ekareKuvapo kwe cynocephali mumabhuku aya kwakavapa mvumo chaiyo, nekuvabatanidza mumaonero epasi rose enyika yakazara nemarudzi anoshamisa.
Humwe humbowo hunotaurwa nezvahwo ndehwemumongi wekuItaly Kunhuhwirira kwePordenoneOdoric, uyo akaenda kuMabvazuva pakati pa1317 na1330 nekuda kwezvinangwa zveumishinari, anoisa cynocephali muNicobar Islands munhoroondo dzake. Sekureva kwaOdoric, vanhu ava Vaizonamata nzombe Uye vaipfeka pahuma dzavo, vachikudza mwari wavo, chifananidzo chidiki chenzombe yakagadzirwa negoridhe kana sirivha.
Tsananguro iyi inobatanidza zvinhu zvinotyisa (musoro wembwa) netsika dzechitendero, zvichiratidza kuti Odoric angangodaro akadudzira tsika dzisingazivikanwi sezviratidzo zvechikaraSaka, ngano ye cynocephali inosanganiswa nekucherechedza, kazhinji kacho kwakakanganiswa, nezvevanhu chaivo.
MuchiKristudhomu chekare, cynocephali yaiwanzoonekwa sechiratidzo che huhedheni, hutsinye, uye ruvengo kukutendaVaionekwa sevavengi vanogona kuvapo, zvisinei, vaigona, mune dzimwe nyaya, kutendeukira kuchitendero chechokwadi.
Cynocephali mumamepu nezvinyorwa zveNyika Itsva
Nekukura kwenzvimbo uye kuwanikwa kwenyika itsva, ngano ye cynocephali haina kunyangarika; yakangochinja mamiriro ayo. Mepu dzeRenaissance Vakaramba vachizadza nzvimbo dzisinganyanyozivikanwa nezvisikwa zvinoshamisa, pakati pavo paiva nevarume vane misoro yembwa.
Muna 1513, mukuru wemauto eOttoman uye mugadziri wemamepu Piri Reis Mepu yake yeNyika Itsva inosanganisira zvisikwa zvinogona kuzivikanwa nezvikara izvi zvakasanganiswa munzvimbo yeSouth America. Mhando idzi dzemifananidzo dzakabatsira kusimbisa pfungwa yekuti nyika dzeAmerica dzaive dzakazara ne zvishamiso, zvisinganzwisisike uye zvisikwa zvikuru.
Makore mashoma gare gare, muna 1525, Gwaro nemirairo yeMarine Chart de Machipisi aLorenz Anoisa cynocephali pachena muAmerica. Hazvina kujeka kana Fries akavakirwa pauchapupu hwakasimba kana kuti akangoendesa kunyika idzi dzichangobva kuwanikwa ngano dzekare dzemarudzi makuru aimbobatanidzwa neAsia kana Africa.
Chinoita sechiri pachena ndechekuti kushaya ruzivo nezveNyika Itsva Zvaiva nzvimbo yakakwana yekuramba vachiratidza zvisikwa zvechinyakare zvakaita se cynocephali. Pamusoro pezvose, dai zvaimbove "kumagumo ePasi," zvaive nemusoro kushandura ngano iyi kuenda ku "magumo" matsva akanga achangobuda.
Uyewo kubva muzana remakore rechi16 kune chinyorwa chinoshamisa chakachengetwa muNational Library yeFrance, umo mune mifananidzo yakawanda yecynocephali. kuita mabasa ekutengeseranaMufananidzo uyu unonakidza zvikuru nekuti hauvaratidzi sezvikara zvine hutsinye chete, asi sezvisikwa zvinotora chikamu mukutsinhana kwehupfumi, zvine hurongwa hwakati hwemagariro evanhu.
Mifananidzo, ngano, uye mavambo akadzama engano
Mifananidzo yekumadokero yakazopedzisira yagadzira Zita rine ruzha uye rakanyatsojeka rechikara ichi chengano ine muviri wemunhu nemusoro wembwa: cynocephalus. Zvisinei, mavambo emufananidzo wehybrid anogona kunge akatangira kare kare magwaro ekutanga akanyorwa asati anyorwa.
Zvinonzi, kubvira Nguva yechando, apo vanhu nemapere vaigovana nzvimbo Uye sezvavaikwikwidzana kuti vawane zviwanikwa zvakafanana munzvimbo dzine hasha, fungidziro yakafanana yakaitwa apo mhumhi (uye gare gare imbwa) yaimiririra zvese njodzi uye mubatsiri anogona kuvapo.
Ngano dzinotaura kuti, pane imwe nguva, vanhu vakatanga kurera mhumhi nekutora vana vadzoIzvi zvakazochinja zvikara izvi kuita shamwari dzekuvhima nevarindi. Kuchinja uku kubva pamhuka dzemusango kuenda kumhuka dzemumba kwakasiya chiratidzo patsika: mumifananidzo, mhuka iyi yaigona kuva pakati pemhuka nemunhu, ichiratidzika semunhu-mbwa.
Kubva pamamiriro ezvinhu iwayo ekufananidzira, mhumhi kana imbwa ine hasha yakava iconographic hybrid: muviri wemunhu, musoro wembwaiyo inomiririra hutsinye hwemhuka uye kugona kwemunhu. Cynocephalus, mupfungwa iyoyo, ipfungwa yekuona yekutya, kuyemura, uye kusawirirana kune canids.
Munzvimbo dzeIndo-European neAsia, tsika dzakawedzera pfungwa iyi neruzivo rwakadzama: kubva ku "hemikanes" dzaHesiod kusvika ku madzinza ari kure ane zviratidzo zvakafanana nembwa izvo zvinotaurwa munhoroondo dzakasiyana dzekare. Tsika yega yega yakawedzera pfungwa dzayo, asi chimiro chikuru chengano chakaramba chakagadzikana zvinoshamisa.
Cynocephali muchiKristu: nyaya yaSaint Christopher
Chimwe chezvikamu zvinonyanya kushamisa zvengano iyi mufananidzo we Musande Cynocephalus, anozivikanwa saSaint ChristopherMune dzimwe nhoroondo dzechiKristu chekare uye mifananidzo yekare yekuMabvazuva, muKristu uyu anofira kutenda anoonekwa nemusoro wembwa.
Sekureva kweimwe yengano, Saint Christopher aive ne chitarisiko chemuviri chinoshamisa kudaro uyo aigara achikwezva kutariswa uye kufambira mberi kwevakadzi vemazera ese. Kuti amusunungure kubva mukushungurudzwa uku, Mwari anonzi akachinja chiso chake kuita sechembwa, zvichiita kuti ave cynocephalus. Nenzira iyi, musande akazviparadzanisa nemiedzo ndokutarisa pabasa rake remweya.
Mune dzimwe shanduro, Mutsvene Christopher aisazova munhuwo zvake akashanduka, asi panzvimbo pezvo Zvaizobva kurudzi rweAsian cynocephalianDudziro iyi inomuita mumiriri wakananga wevanhu ivavo vanotyisa avo, pasinei nechitarisiko chavo chinotyisa, vanogona kugamuchira kutenda kwechiKristu uye kuwana utsvene.
Zvinonziwo zita remadunhurirwa rekuti Saint Christopher rinobva pamavambo aro se mwanakomana wamambo weKananiIzvi zvinobatanidza "muKanani" ne "can," zvichireva imbwa. Chero zvazvingava, tsika yekuti musande ane musoro wembwa yakava yakakurumbira zvikuru muMiddle Ages, kunyanya mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekuMabvazuva.
Mufananidzo waSaint Cynocephalus unoratidza kuti chiKristu cheMiddle Ages chakakwanisa sei kududzira patsva chikara chechihedheni maererano neutsveneMurume wembwa, aimbova chiratidzo cheutsinye, akashandurwa kuva muenzaniso wekutendeuka nekuvimbika kuna Mwari, achiramba aine chitarisiko chake chakasanganiswa asi achichipa chirevo chitsva chechitendero.
Cynocephali muEurope yepakati nepakati uye ngano dzeArthurian
Kunze kwekunyora nhoroondo yehupenyu hwemunhu, cynocephali yakapinda mungano dzehondo nedzekare. Mune nhetembo yekare yeWales ine chekuita nedenderedzwa re Ngano dzeArthurianInotaura kuti Mambo Arthur nemasoja ake vanorwisa sei cynocephali mumakomo ari pedyo neEdinburgh.
Munyaya iyi, varume vane misoro yembwa vanoshanda se vavengi vepamusoro-soro avo magamba anozvienzanisa navoHavasi mhuka chete, asi vavengi vanotyisa vanosimbisa ushingi hwamambo neshamwari dzake, ukuwo vachisimbisa pfungwa yenyika yakazara nemarudzi asinganzwisisike kunze kwemiganhu yeumambo.
Kuvapo kwe cynocephali mungano dzeArthurian nedzimwe nyaya dzemuEurope dzekare kunoratidza kuti zvisikwa izvi zvakazobatanidzwa sei mu mamiriro ezvikara nemarudzi anoshamisa zvainge zvakakomberedza fungidziro dzechiKristu. Pamwe chete nehofori, varume vasina misoro, kana vanhu vane hunhu hwakaremara, varume vembwa vakabatsira kutsanangura zvaive zvetsika zvichienzaniswa nezvaive kunze kwehurongwa hwevanhu nehwechitendero.
Nyaya yedzinza reCroatian Hundigar, avo vaiviga zviso zvavo pasi pemachira akafanana nemisoro yembwa, ingangodaro yakakurudzira pfungwa yekuti, mune dzimwe nzvimbo, dzaivapo zvechokwadi. vanhu vane pfungwa dzisina kusimba, vavengi vechiKristuZvingangodaro zvakatanga sechinyakare chezvipfeko zvakazopedzisira zvachinja kuita ngano inotyisa.
Nekufamba kwenguva, muEurope yepakati, izwi rekuti cynocephalus rakatanga kushandiswa se "" ... zvinoreva muvengi wechihedheni kana muvengi ane hashaKubva pamuromo kuenda pamuromo, nyaya dzacho dzakakura, uye musanganiswa wemakuhwa, kutya, uye fungidziro zvakasimbisa zvisikwa izvi sechikamu chakagadzikana chenhoroondo.
"Nyika yembwa" nedzimwe ngano dzakafanana
Imwe yenyaya dzinonyanya kutaurwa dzine chekuita ne cynocephali inyaya yekuti "nyika yembwa"Munzvimbo iyi inozivikanwa, vanhu vaizokamurwa nenzira inoshamisa: vakadzi vaizova nechitarisiko chevanhu chose, ukuwo varume vaizova sembwa.
Vana vanozvarwa kubva mumasangano iwayo vaizotora chimiro chimwe kana chimwe zvichienderana nebonde ravoVasikana vaizofanana naamai vavo vevanhu, uye vakomana vaizogara nhaka chitarisiko chababa vavo chakafanana nechembwa. Chimiro chengano chakasiyana, asi chinonyanya kushamisa ndechekuti chakapararira.
Maitiro akafanana enyaya aya anodzokororwa, pasina shanduko, pakati pevaya MaSaho eEritrea, maMongol, maChinese, maArmenia nemaTatarKubva kuAfrica kuenda kuCentral neEast Asia, vachipfuura nemuCaucasus, nyaya imwecheteyo inogona kuwanikwa yevanhu vane hunhu hwembwa dzechirume chete.
Kukura kwenzvimbo dzengano iyi kunoratidza kuti ngano, muzviitiko zvakawanda, Inodzokorora maitiro akafanana kubva kumagumo enyika kuenda kune rimwe.Pfungwa yevanhu vembwa-murume nembwa inoita seinopindura kune zvinodiwa zvakafanana: kuratidza imwe sechinhu chakabatana pakati pevanhu nemhuka, chimwe chinhu chiri pedyo asi panguva imwe chete chinovhiringidza.
Saka iyi "nyika yembwa" inobatanidza katarogu yakakura yenzvimbo dzengano idzo, kwemazana emakore, dzakazadza mamepu epfungwa evanhu vakasiyana. Kufanana nezvitsuwa zvecynocephali kana nyika dzemarudzi makuru, inoshanda se muganhu wekufungidzira pakati pezvinozivikanwa nezvisingazivikanwe.
Nenyaya idzi dzese—kubva kuna Anubis naThoth kusvika kuna Megasthenes, Herodotus, Marco Polo, Mandeville, Bartholomew muRungu, Odoric wePordenone, uye ngano dzaArthurian—cynocephali yava chimwe chezvisikwa zvakasanganiswa zvakanyanya munhoroondo yetsika. Muviri wavo wemunhu nemusoro wembwa zvinoratidza kutya kwemadzitateguru, kufarira zvinhu zvisinganzwisisike, uye tsika yevanhu yekuzadza mipata iri mumepu nezvikara nezvishamiso.