Pane imwe nguva muMedithera apo wachi yekutya yakagadzikwa nemaseiri ese aionekwa pamhene. Algiers yakava hotbed huru yecorsair chiitiko, yezvematongerwo enyika uye yemagariro marabhoritari mairi Berbers, Turks, Moor uye vapanduki Vakavaka simba remugungwa rinokwanisa kushungurudza mahombekombe eEurope, kunyanya ayo eSpain, kwemazana emakore. Nhoroondo iyi inodonongodza mabviro, hupenyu hwemukati, uye mazano ehumambo hwecorsair, kupambwa kwahwo kunonyanya kuzivikanwa, mhinduro dzeSpanish, uye epilogue refu yakakonzera kudonha kwayo.
Yakanga isiri hondo yehondo huru chete; yakanga iri, pamusoro pezvose, kurwisana kwe "pasi-yakanyanya" nepamusoro pesimba revanhu, kunyengera kwe kutasva bhiza, kupambwa uye kununura iyo yakaumba hupfumi uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwemahombekombe ekuchamhembe. Kubva pakurwiswa nemheni senge Gibraltar kusvika pakutapwa kwaMiguel de Cervantes, kusanganisira hondo yekupedzisira yakavanzika yakaziviswa kurwisa Spain, isu tinoteedzera yakadzama panorama inobatanidza zvikamu, protagonists uye magiya chechiitiko chairatidza nhoroondo yeMediterranean.
Algiers, mwoyo weumambo hweCorsair
Zvichitevera kukundwa kweOran nemauto eSpain uye nekugadzwa kweuto revarwi paDombo reAlgiers, guta remahombekombe, raigarwa nenhapwa dzeNasrid neValencian, rakatanga kubata zvikepe kuti zvienderane. Sarudzo yekuchinja yakauya muna 1516 nekusvika kwehama dzeBarbarossa, dzakatora kutonga kweguta ndokuparadzanisa Spanish Rock, zvichiita kuti pave neimwe nzira. corsair republic neOttoman tutelage uye yakafara inoshanda kuzvitonga.
Pakati pema1520 na1540, naCharles V kuMadokero uye Suleiman kuMabvazuva, ngarava dzeTurkey-Berber dzakawedzera kurwisa kwadzo mugungwa reMediterranean. Algiers yakawana mukurumbira se "bako rembavha" nekuda kwenhamba huru yevaranda vengarava vakawana hutiziro pachiteshi chayo, nepo peninsular MoriscosVangave sevaperekedzi kana kubatanidzwa muvashandi, vakaita sembiru yechishanu mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzemahombekombe.
Kukundikana kwerwendo rukuru rwechirango rwa1541 kurwisana neAlgiers-nedutu rinoparadza, ngarava yakaparara Uye mambo pachake, achichengetedza zuva, akabatanidza mukurumbira weCorsairs, zvichiita kuti hupfumi, huwandu hwevanhu, uye kukura kwemauto eguta rive. Nharirire kana mauto emunharaunda haana kukwana kumisa kurwisa ikoko vakasvika mukati, seaya aTabernas (1566) uye Cuevas de Almanzora (1573).
Tactics, ngarava uye kupambwa
Apo masimba echiKristu akanga achisimbisa ngarava dzavo uye vachiwedzera pfuti dzavo, vafambisi vezvikepe vokuAlgeria vakanga vachinatsiridza boka rengarava. akareruka, anochinjika magwara ane dhizaini isina kudzikaVaidzivisa kupfutidza kwakakomba kwekanoni—kunze kwepfuko renguva nenguva—nokuti chinangwa chakanga chiri chokubata, kwete kunyura; kushamisika, kuvanza, mireza yenhema, kana Spanish yakakwana yevakapandukira yaiva chikamu che repertoire.
Kurwiswa kwakaitwa Gibraltar muna 1540 muenzaniso webhuku: boka rezvikepe zvehondo, ngarava, fustas, uye brigantines, Vakwasvi vechiKristu vakamanikidzwa Uye zviuru zviviri zvevarwi vechiMuslim vakasvika paLa Caleta vaine bato repamberi vakapfeka semaKristu kuzoongorora dziviriro. Nevarindi vanyengerwa, mambakwedza akaunza kurwiswa; maawa mana akakwana kupamba dzimba zhinji uye kupamba vanhu makumi manomwe. kunyanya vakadzi nevana.
Kubatsira kwechikepe chavo chisina kudzika chakaita kuti zvikepe izvi zvisvike kujecha pasina zvikepe, kuburuka nekukwasva, kuita kurwisa kwadzo, uye kukwirazve mauto emahombekombe asati aita. Paive nezviitiko zvinozivikanwa kure neIberian Peninsula: muTenerife, semuenzaniso, zvakanyorwa. Madhamu pamberi pechiteshi (1636), hondo dziri pedyo-pamahombekombe (1672) uye zvivharo pamuromo wechiteshi chengarava (1676) izvo zvakavhunga traffic yenzvimbo.
Pagungwa rakashama, chirongwa chakanga chakafanana: kukurumidza kusvika, pfuti pfuti, kubonderana, uye kukwira. Nevakwasvi vevaranda vanochengetedza cadence uye vakasarudzwa vanomaka, a nzira yakanyatsorongeka Yakashandura munhu wacho kuva mhuka uye vashandi vavo kuita zvinhu zvevanhu.
Janissaries, vapanduki uye "chikoro" cheCorsican
Hayreddin, gotwe pahama dzeBarbarossa, akapika kutendeka kuSublime Porte achitsvaga dziviriro yezvematongerwo enyika uye, pamusoro pezvose, chikamu cheJanissaries ndiwo waizova musimboti panyika nepagungwa. Masoja aya, akarerwa mukuranga kwesimbi uye kuvimbika kuna sultan, akabatsira kukunda madzinza emukati uye, kubva muna 1560, akabatana necorsair expeditions, achiunza kuvhunduka uye kuomarara kwehunyanzvi.
Boka ravapanduki—vaKristu vakatendeukira kuchiIslam—rinofanira kududzwa zvikuru; vaive vepamusoro vechokwadi veAlgiers. Paiva nevaifarira. MaPurotesitendi kana Orthodox uyo akaona muumambo hwecorsair basa rinonwisa mvura; zvisinei, vazhinji vavo vakasiya nhapwa: vakuru vakanyunyuta kunatsiridza kurapwa uye vana "vakadzidziswa" sezvo vana boss, mukuteerera, zvokutengeserana mugungwa uye cheni murayiro kusvika kaputeni kana vakaunganidza merits.
"Kutarisa kwavo kaviri" kwaive chombo chakasimba: avo vakachinja sevakuru vaiziva mahombekombe emusha wavo nemitauro yemuno zvakanyanya; vaya vakabatwa vari vana vakapinda a quarry yakagadzirirwa kukwirakusefa nounyanzvi. Maverengero enguva inotaura nezvezviuru zvevapanduki muAlgiers, vane huremu hwakakosha hwevaCorsicans, vamwe vatambi vakakosha vese mukununura uye mune zvisiri pamutemo diplomacy nemasimba eEurope.
Hupfumi hwekupamba: nhapwa, rudzikinuro, uye "mabhati"
Vanhu ndivo vainyanya kunangwa. The corsairs vakasarudza kukurumidza kununura pamhenderekedzo yeSpain pachayo kana mhuri dzakasvika pakubvumirana; kana zvisina kudaro, vasungwa vakapedzisira vapinda mu "mabhati" eAlgiers, network yemajeri - eruzhinji kana ega - ane masero akazara vanhu, cheni, uye basa rokumanikidzirwa kumaruwa, kumabasa kana kudzimba dzavatenzi.
The classification was simple: the varume vari serious Vakanga vari nhapwa dze“rudzikinuro rukuru”; vanhu vanochengeterwa zvinhu, vanhuwo zvavo. Vakura, vane utano hwakanaka, vane unyanzvi, kana kuti vane hama dzakawanda, mutengo wacho unowedzera. mutengo wepamusoroVana vakanga vasingambotengeswi nokuda kwoukoshi hwavo hwounyanzvi sokutsiva gadziriro yacho imene; vakadzi vaduku, vaichiva nokuda kwomutengo wavo uye nokuda kwezvikonzero zvomunzanga mukati menyika yakapanduka, vaisawanzotengeswa uye, kana vaizodaro, kunyange nemari yakawanda zvikuru.
Bhizinesi rakaunza hupfumi hunoshamisa: mint, zvimbudzi zvakakura zveveruzhinjiChipatara chevarombo uye upenyu hwezvokutengeserana hwakabatikana hwakabudirira muchiteshi chengarava chaigamuchira ngarava dzaibva kuFrance, Spain, Italy, England, uye Netherlands pasinei zvapo nerambidzo dzapamutemo. Panguva imwe cheteyo, bani reMitidja rakawedzera kudyisa guta riri kukura nezvipfuyo, miriwo, zviyo, uye zvigadzirwa kunze kwenyika.
Kununura kwakafambiswa kuburikidza nemirairo yakadai seveUtatu neMercedarians, nekutsvaga mari, kuchinjana kusina kujairika kwevanoremekedzwa vepamusoro, uye, maererano nevakawanda, varevereri vane mari iyo yaisagara ichinhuwa rudo. MuEngland, dzvinyiriro yenzanga yakasvika kuParamende nemhaka yenhamba huru yenhapwa; kwose kwose, urombo hwomusungwa dzinenge nguva dzose hwaireva kuiswa mutorongo kwoupenyu hwose kana kuti zvakatoipisisa.
Chokwadi chakakasharara chezvikepe zvengarava—kuperevedza kusingaperi kwevakwasvi—kwakaita kuti kutengeserana kwevanhu kuve musimboti: vasungwa vaifanira kubatwa ndokuchengetwa vari vapenyu. Izvi hazvina kudzivirira chirango chinotyisa kune avo "vasina kukosha," kusanganisira kudimburwa, kurembera, kana anorovererwa pamberi peboka revanhuPaivewo nekupukunyuka kwakafambiswa nevarindi vejeri vachichinjana nemari uye nzendo dzekununura dzaibhadharwa nemhuri.
Mitauro, kutenda uye kutengeserana: iyo yemagariro machira muAlgiers
MuAlgiers, Turkish, Arabic, uye izvo zvinonzi lingua franca o zivaIyo code yekunzwisisa kunoshanda pakati pemahombekombe. Rudzidziso, kure nokuva rusvingo, rwakava kuvazhinji a mukana webasaPaiva nenhapwa dzakagamuchira Islam uye gare gare dzakadzokera kuEurope semadzishe akapfuma; nyaya dzakaita sedzaEudj Ali, aimbove mubati wehove weCalabrian uye gare gare Pasha weAlgiers, anoratidza iyi pragmatism.
Iyo Maghreb's port network yakabatanidzwa kune enclaves seBéjaïa (Béjaïa), kwaigara mushambadzi wePisan Fibonacci, uye mamwe mapoinzi ekutengeserana kwakanyanya kweMedithera aibatanidza mukati nemahombekombe. Paivawo nezviitiko zvetsika nechitendero, zvakadai se kudzorerwa kwaKristu weMedinaceli neTrinidadians mushure mekutaurirana nevatapi vekuNorth Africa.
Figures uye vatungamiriri vevakavanzika
Saga yeBarbarossa yakaratidza kutanga. Aruj, mukuru, akapa zita rake kuzita remhuri remadunhurirwa nokuda kwendebvu dzake dzvuku; pashure porufu rwake, munun’una wake, Khizr—aizivikanwa saHayreddin, “Kunaka Kwekutenda,” nasultan—akapedza basa rezvamatongerwe enyika: kukurira nharaunda yakapoteredza, kurayira madzinza, uye. anchor Algiers pasi peAmburera yeOttomanAkaenda kuIstanbul, akaraira kukunda kwake, uye akafa nguva pfupi pashure pacho.
Mamwe mazita anonyora nhoroondo iyi: Hasan Pasha, "muVenetian," aitonga Algiers; makaputeni akaita saMami Arnaute — mupanduki wemavambo eBalkan, munhu anokosha paLepanto — naDali Mami, ane mukurumbira wekubata kwake utsinye nhapwa. Seri kwezviitiko, vatariri uye vatungamiri vecorsair -Hassan Corso, kudoma mumwe - akabudirira mune vakapanduka elite uye kudivi regreyer rediplomacy.
Lepanto uye mishandirapamwe yekurwisa Algiers
Paive nekuedza kushanu kukuru kweSpanish kuputsa dendere recorsair. Zvina panguva yekutonga kwaCharles V-1518, 1519, 1535, uye 1541-newokupedzisira akadziviswa nedutu uye kuvapo kwe. Hernan Cortes muchikwata. Muna 1775, atova pasi paCharles III, rwendo rwaO'Reilly rwakakundikana pakumhara, uye muna 1783 mabhomba ehondo anorema akasarudzwa mumazuva akatevedzana.
Munyaya huru yeMedithera, Holy League yakashandisa mushonga wechinguvana kusimba reTurkey kuLepanto, asi Algiers, nekuda kwekuzvimiririra kwayo uye corsair yemagariro machira, yakatsungirira sechinhu chakasiyana uye yakaramba ichipisa kurwisa, kununura, uye kutengeserana kwemuganhu kwezvizvarwa.
Hondo inenge isingazivikanwe: maxebecs e1765
Muna 1765, maxebecs maviri akareruka uye anokurumidza kubva kuOran akafamba nechikepe kubva kuCartagena akasimbiswa nevafambisi vezvikepe nemauto-kusanganisira kubva kuBrussels Regiment - vachitsvaga corsair yeAlgeria yakanga ichangobva kutora. pachikepe cheValencian. Vicente Pignatelli naJuan Quintano ndivo vaitungamirira.
Pignatelli's xebec, chikepe chepamusoro, chakabatwa nemuvengi pakati pe8 nepfumbamwe usiku. Paive nemavolleys ecannon uye musket fire uye nzira mbiri dzinotyisa Yakadzingwa nevaSpanish, avo vakakanda varwi gumi nevaviri mumvura. Mudziviriri wacho—akanga akabata pfuti sere—akanyura; 31 yevashandi ve72 vakapona.
Rukundo rwakauya pamutengo: Juan Cavanillas, kaputeni weSpain xebec, uye vamwe varume vaviri vakaurawa; vakuru vakuru nevafambisi vengarava vakakuvadzwa, nevafambisi vengarava gumi nevatanhatu nevarwi vasere vakakuvadzwa—vakawanda zvakaipisisa—uchapupu hwokuti, kunyange zvishoma, Kubondera kwacho kwaive kwakaoma.
Kubva kuMediterranean kusvika kuAtlantic uye kuderera
Zana ramakore rechi 17 rakachinjisa axis yekutengeserana kwenyika kuchamhembe, uye nayo, nzvimbo yekushanda kune vakazvimirira. Galleys akasiiwa zvakanyanya uye mimwe midziyo yakatorwa. zvikepe zvepamusoro, yakanyatsokodzera madutu eAtlantic, ayo akaderedza kukwanisa kuchovha pamhenderekedzo yegungwa asi akawedzera pfungwa pangarava dzevatengesi dziri munzira.
"Mepu" yevanhu yakachinjawo: nhamba yevapanduki yakawedzera Nordic mavambo —ChiRungu, chiDutch, chiGerman—, chiono chinoshamisa muAlgiers. Nechekare muzana ramakore rechi 18, piracy yeBarbary yakapinda mukudzikira nekukurumidza: kure nedanho guru uye nemacorsairs achiva dambudziko kumunhu wese, mambure epasi rese akasimbiswa kusvika pakubata kweFrance muna 1830.
Hondo yekupedzisira yeakavanzika kurwisa Spain
Kunyangwe kudzika kwacho kwaiitika, Algiers yakaita danho rekupedzisira rezvematongerwo enyika muma1820s. Kutevera kuedza kunoparadza kweHondo yeRusununguko uye kusagadzikana kwemukati, humambo hweSpain hwakatarisana nehondo. nzvimbo yokusava nesimbaMuna 1820, Consul José Ortiz de Zugasti akanyevera kuti: Dey Houssein akanga achigadzirira vanhu vakazvimirira zvakare "kurwisa zvikepe zveSpain."
Chikonzero chacho chaiva chikwereti chainzi chomutengesi wokuSpain kumukweretesi wemari wechiJudha Jacob Bacri, chakabatanidzwa nezvibvumirano zvakapfuura pashure perwendo rukuru rwokuranga rweSpain rwa1782. Pana May 17 wegore iroro vakatanga rwendo. zvikepe zvishanu zvepachivande kubva kuAlgiers nemirairo yekurwisa mureza weSpain (uye mamwe mamureza asina kwaakarerekera ekureruka), achimutsazve mamiriro ehondo.
Kwemakore kwakanga kune kubatwa kweSpain pasina zviito zvikuru zvehondo; Madrid yakatumira vatauri, uye pakupedzisira Gurukota Cea Bermúdez yakabvumidza kubhadharwa kwe319.000 pesetas Muna 1827, kudzima moto. Mugore iroro, mumiriri weFrance Deval akarova nhunzi, izvo zvakaita kuti kurwisana kwakapera nechisimba cheFrance muna 1830. Saka hurumende yeAlgeria yakaguma.
Nekumashure uku, zvakakodzera kuyeuka nhoroondo yeOran: yakadzoserwa neSpain muna 1732 kuburikidza ne rwendo runoshamisaYakasiiwa muna 1792 nekuda kwekudhura kwayo uye kudengenyeka kwenyika kwakaparadza guta nechiteshi. Gungwa reMediterranean reSpain rakazorongedzerwa zvakare nekusasimba kukuru pamberi peAlgiers ichiri mhirizhonga.
Cervantes, nhapwa muAlgiers uye mana anotiza
Muna 1575, kudzokera kuSpain kubva kuNaples nechikepe ZuvaMiguel de Cervantes nemukoma wake Rodrigo vakatorwa kubva kuCosta Brava neTurkey-Berber flotilla yakarairwa naMami Arnaute. Zvinyorwa zvakatakurwa naMiguel—kurudziro dze Don Juan wekuAustria Muchinda weSesa akakwidza mutengo wake, vakamukumbira matarenda egoridhe mazana mashanu uye mazana matatu emukoma wake.
Akatengeswa muuranda kuna Dali Mami, lieutenant waArnaute, Cervantes akatambura kuiswa mujeri, basa, uye cheni, asi haana kuzviisa kwaari. Mumakore mashanu, akaedza kutiza kana. Kutanga, muna 1576, akaita chibvumirano negwara remaMoor renzira yepanyika inoenda kuOran; Vakavasiya kurufu rwavo. uye vakatorwazve pazuva rokutanga.
Chirongwa chechipiri, muna 1577, chakaratidza kusunungurwa kwaMiguel neshamwari gumi nemana. Vakahwanda mubako vakamirira mupata wokununura; oparesheni yacho yakakanganiswa ne kutengesa munhu akatsauka —akatumidzwa zita remadunhurirwa rokuti The Gilder—uye Cervantes akatora mhosva oga kuti aderedze chirango kune vamwe. Akapedzisira asungwa mumajeri eAlgiers nemirairo yaHassan Pasha.
Kuedza kwechitatu kwaisanganisira tsamba dzakatumirwa nenhume yechiMoor kumukuru weOran, Martín de Córdoba. Apo mutumwa wacho akawanikwa, Cervantes akatongerwa kurohwa kwe2000, iyo isina kuitwa nekuda kwekupindira, nepo mutakuri. Akafa akarovererwa, kuguma kweDantean kusina kuputsa zvachose chido chemurume ane zvombo zveLepanto.
Kuedza kwechina kwaisanganisira kutenga, kuburikidza nemutengesi weVenetian, ngarava inokwanisa kutakura vanhu makumi manomwe. Kutengeswa kwomufundisi weDominican Juan Blanco de Paz kwakaparadza chinhu chiri chose mukutsinhana nomubairo; Miguel akaendeswa ku "bathroom" yakachengetedzwa zvakanyanya uye yakagadzirira kutumirwa kuIstanbul semuranda.
Muna 1580, vafundisi veUtatu neveMercedarian vakasvika muAlgiers vaine mari shoma, uye vakakurumidza kukwidza mari yaidiwa nevakuru kuti vadzikinure Cervantes, nemhaka yerubatsiro rwevaKristu vaiva muguta racho. Pana September 19, akasunungurwa; musi waOctober 24, akatanga kuDenia, achipfuura neValencia uye Akabatana nemhuri yake muMadrid. Chinoitika ichocho chakachinja zvikuru mubasa rake—The Dealings of Algiers, The Baths of Algiers, The English Spanish Woman, Persiles uye, chokwadika, Don Quixote—seyeuko mhenyu yokutapwa.
Mhiri kwegungwa: nzira dzeSahara uye nhaka
Hutatu pakati pegungwa nerenje hwaikosha. Nzira dzekare dzekaravhani dzichipfuura nemuTassili n'Ajjer, Tadrart Rouge, uye Hoggar massif dzakabatanidza mukati neMaghrebi ports. Kunyangwe ivo vaive vasiri nhandare dzemitambo yecorsair, yavo logistics uye basa rekutengesa Yakakuchidzira hupfumi hwemaguta sehuya hweAlgiers, uko kufambiswa kwezvinhu nevanhu kwakaumba hurongwa hunoenderana.
Munyika iyoyo yevanhu, vanhu vaitaura, vakatenga, uye vainyengetera nemitauro yakawanda; vaitengesera pazvikepe nomuzvivanze; vakaronga rudzikinuro patafura dzavashambadziri, uye vakadzidzira vakwasvi nevafambisi vebhodhi Pamusoro pepamusoro. Nyika yakavhengana uye ine utsinye iyo, kubva muzana ramakore rechi 16 kusvikira kuzana ramakore rechi 19, yakasiya mucherechedzo wakadzika pamhenderekedzo dzose dziri mbiri.
Iyo yakareba corsair kutenderera kweAlgiers - ine mabviro ekuvakwa kwesangano rayo rezvematongerwo enyika, mhasuru yayo yemauto eJanissaries nevakapanduka vayo, nzira dzayo dzinokurumidza dzemugungwa, hupfumi hwayo hwakavakirwa panhapwa, rudzikinuro uye chiteshi chezvikepe chakabatikana, kurwisa kwacho senge. Gibraltar muna 1540Kupokana kwayo nenzendo dzekuranga, zvikamu zvaro zvakaita sehondo ye1765, iyo yekupedzisira kuenda kuAtlantic, hondo yayo yekupedzisira neSpain uye kusunungurwa kweCervantes-inotsanangura kuti nei zvizvarwa zvese zvakagara zvakatarisa kunze kwevarindi uye nei nhoroondo yeMeditera isinganzwisisike pasina iyi nzira yemhirizhonga, kutengeserana uye zvematongerwo enyika.