Pamwe wakatoona kuti kungoverenga kana kunzwa izwi rekuti kuzamura kunokupa havi yekushama muromo nekugomera zvakanyanya; hausi wega, chido ichocho sepasi rose sezvazviri kunakidzaKubva mukirasi kusvika kuhofisi kusvika pasofa pamba, taishama zuva nezuva tisingambofungi nezvayo.
Kunyangwe zvingaite sechinhu chakareruka, tsananguro dzakawanda dzemuviri, dzetsinga, uye dzemagariro dzave dzakakurudzirwa kuzamudzira. Sainzi yakabvisa dzimwe pfungwa dzakakurumbira uye yakasimbisa dzimwe, uye nhasi tine zvirevo zvakasimba: kubva mukufungidzira kwe kutonhora kweuropi, kuburikidza nebasa rayo mukunzwira tsitsi uye kusvinura, kune hukama hwayo nehope-wake cycle uye zvimwe zviratidzo zvekliniki.
Kuzamura chii chaizvo?
Kuzamura (yawn) chiitiko chisingaite chatinovhura muromo wedu zvakanyanya, kufemera pamusoro kwemasekondi mashoma tozotsanangura kupera kwenguva pfupi, dzimwe nguva kunenge kugomera. Inogona kuperekedzwa nekutambanudza, kubvarura, kana kuti ruzha ruduku.
Mune ethology inotsanangurwa se "yakagadziriswa maitiro echiito": kutevedzana kwemusikirwo uko, kana kwatangwa, inopedzwa nehunhu hwekusimbaNdicho chikonzero nei zvakaoma zvikuru "kucheka" yawn muhafu: haisi nyore reflex, asi muenzaniso une mavambo anonyatsotsanangurwa uye kuguma.
Avhareji yenguva inosvika masekonzi masere kusvika gumi, kunyangwe paine mazamu mapfupi (akatenderedza 8 s) uye mamwe akareba zvakanyanya kupfuura avhareji. Kazhinji vanouya nekuputika, neinenge miniti pakati peumwe neumwe. miniti refu (inofungidzirwa kusvika pamasekonzi makumi matanhatu nemasere).
Kuti utange gesture hazvifanirwe kuve nemhino dzakajeka: chinhu chakakosha kufemerwa kwakadzika kuburikidza nemuromo uye kuvhura kwakazara kwe mandibleIwe haugone "kushama hafu" pasina chiito kurasikirwa nehunhu hwacho.
Kupfuura zvehupenyu, kuzamura ishoko rine simba risingarevi remuromo. Zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, inogona kutaurirana kuneta, kushushikana, kufinhikana kana kunyange kurambwa; nokudaro, mune dzimwe tsika, kuedza kunoitwa kuvanza ikoku kupfurikidza nokuisa ruoko pamuromo.
Dzidziso huru: chii chinangwa chekuzamura?
Mubvunzo wave uri patafura kwemakumi emakore, uye hapana mhinduro imwe chete. Mafungiro akati wandei anozadzisa (uye dzimwe nguva kukwikwidza) kutsanangura basa rekuyamwisa muvanhu nedzimwe mhuka. Pazasi, isu tinoongorora zvakanyanya kugamuchirwa zvakanyanya. tsigiro yekuedza nekucherechedza.
1) Oxygenation uye carbon dioxide: tsananguro isingaenderane
Kwenguva yakareba zvaidavirwa kuti yawning yakashanda kuwedzera okisijeni muropa uye kuderedza CO2, kunyanya munguva dze kufinhwa kana kukotsiraNekudaro, tsvakiridzo yakaita seyaRobert Provine (Yunivhesiti yeMaryland) yakaratidza kuti kushandura iyo oxygen kutenderera munzvimbo haina kushandura kuwanda kwekuyeva, uko. zvakanyanya kupera simba iyi hypothesis.
Uyezve, chiito chacho chave chichionekwa muvana vasati vasvika mavhiki e11-12, pavanenge vasati vafema nemapapu avo: kuchinjana kwavo kwegesi kunoenderana ne umbilical tamboIzvi zvinoita kuti zvive zvishoma kuti kuzamura inzira yeokisijeni.
2) Kutonhora kwehuropi uye basa rema sinuses
Iyo hypothesis ine yakanyanya traction mumakore achangopfuura ndeye kutonhora kweuropiVatsvakurudzi vakadai saAndrew Gallup vakaratidza kuti, mumhuka, kupisa kwehuropi kunowedzera kusati kwamuka, kunoderera panguva yekukwenya, uyezve kunowanzoita. Izvi zvinoratidza thermoregulatory mechanism inogona kubatsira kuchengetedza huropi mukati mehwindo rekushanda kwayo.
Mumutsara uyu, zvave zvataurwa kuti kufamba kwakafara kwemandible kunokonzeresa kuwedzera uye kuputika kwemadziro eiyo maxillary sinus, izvo zvaizofarira kupinda uye kutenderera kwemhepo padyo ne cranial zvivakwa, zvichibatsira bvisa kupisaAnatomical observations inotsigira pfungwa yekuti posterior wall ye maxillary sinus inogona kunge yakatetepa uye inoshanduka kupfuura yakataurwa mumabhuku, izvo zvingaita kuti "pomba" iyi iite.
Yekuwedzera data inosimbisa iyo pfungwa: yawning yakawanda yakabatanidzwa nemamiriro e fivha, uye vamwe vanyori vakaratidza kuti modulating sinus ventilation inogona, mune ramangwana, kuve nekiriniki yekushandiswa kwezvirwere zvekurara senge kushaya hope, uko kunoenderana nekupisa kunoenderana.
3) Kutarisisa kwekutarisa, activation uye reset
Kumwe kuverenga kunoratidza kuti kuzamura kunoshanda se "kudzoreredza" sisitimu: kufemerwa kupfupi kusimuka kubva panzvimbo yekudzikira activation kuenda kune imwe yekusvinurira kukuru. Mushure mekuyamwisa, kuwedzera mukati kurova kwemoyo uye BP (kuwedzerwa kweanopfuura makumi maviri neshanu muzana kunoratidzwa), izvo zvinoenderana nepfungwa yemuviri kukurumidza kugadzirira mabasa anoda kutariswa.
Izvi zvinopindirana nekuona kuzamura pamberi pekutaura paruzhinji, nguva pfupi isati yakwikwidza, kana kuti mushure menguva yekushushikana kwakanyanya, apo muviri unotsvaka kuwanazve nzvimbo yekuzorora. chiyero uye kutarisa.
4) Social synchronization uye kutaurirana
Mumagariro evanhu, kusanganisira vanhu, yawning inogona kunge yakashanduka sechiratidzo chokuti inoronga nyika (kuneta, kuchinja kwekuita, kuzorora) mukati meboka. Hunhu hwayo hunotapukira zvakanyanya uye hukama hwayo nekunzwira tsitsi kunongedza kune basa rekutaurirana, rinobatsira pakuwiriranisa maitiro, semuenzaniso, pakutanga kana kupera kwenguva yebasa.
5) Musculature, majoini uye nzeve
Chimwe chikamu chemechanicha chinorongedzerwa zvakare: iyo gesture yaizodzora uye kuzorodza mhasuru mapoka kumeso nemutsipa izvo zvinogona kuramba zvisineyi kwenguva yakareba, izvo zvaizochengetedza toni yenzvimbo iyoyo. Mukuwedzera, kuvhura shaya kunogona kubatsira kugadziridza temporomandibular joint uye kuenzana dzvinyiriro iri pakati penzeve, kunzwa kunowanzoitika kwe“nzeve dzisina kuvharika.”
6) Hemodynamics uye cerebral blood flow
Zvave zvichikurudzirwa kuti kuzamura kunopesana nekuderera kwekuyerera kwecerebral kuyerera, kugadzirisa mafambiro uye kufambisa kufambiswa kwakanaka kwe oxygen uye zvinovaka muviri kune nerve tishu. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, zvaizoshanda kuchengetedza kutarisa uye kupindura kune nguva dzekushushikana kwemuviri kana kwepfungwa.
Nei ichipararira kudaro?
Kuona, kunzwa, uye kunyange kufunga nezvokuzamura kunowedzera mukana wokuti tiitewo saizvozvo. Classic miedzo inoratidza kuti kumativi 60% yevanhu anopindura nokuzamura kumwe achangopedza kupupura. Uye havasi vanhu chete "vanopfuudza" chiito kune mumwe nemumwe: chimpanzi chiitiko chacho chakanyorwawo.
Tsananguro ine simba ndeye mirror neurons. Manetiweki aya anobatiswa zvese pakuita chiitiko uye kana uchichiona mune vamwe, uye anofungidzirwa kuti ane chekuita kunzwira tsitsiKubva pamaonero aya, kuzamura kunotapukira kungave kuburitswa kwehuropi hwedu hwemagariro, kutevedzera kusaziva kunowiriranisa nyika mukati meboka.
Ushamwari hwepfungwa hunoitawo basa. Ongororo kubva kuYunivhesiti yePisa yakawana kuti kutapurirana kunonyanya kuitika pakati penhengo dzemhuri, ipapo pakati peshamwari, uye pakupedzisira pakati pevanozivana kana hazvizivikanwe. Uyezve, iyo reshiyo yakadzikira, ndiko kurebesa kunonoka pakati peyawn inocherechedzwa uye mhinduro inowanzoitika.
Sezvineiwo, “zano” rekuona harikoshese: mifananidzo yakadzama kana tsananguro inomutsa fungidziro, zvichiratidza kuti chimiro chedu chepfungwa chechiito. zvakwana kukonzeresa dunhu.
Yawning uye kurara-kumuka kutenderera, kushushikana uye hutano
Chiitiko chacho chakanyatsobatanidzwa nekuchinja kwemamiriro ezvinhu: inowanzoonekwa isati yarara uye pakumuka, maererano nemasimba emahomoni akadai. MelatoninIzvo zvinowanzoitika panguva dzekuchinja kwemanzwiro: mushure mebvunzo, tisati tataura paruzhinji, kana nguva isati yatanga makwikwi.
Padanho retsinga, zvinhu zvakati wandei zvinogadzirisa mukana wekuzamura. Serotonin, dopamine, uye inonakidza amino acids senge glutamate uye nitric oxide, pakati pevamwe. Padivi rekudzivisa, opioid peptides inoderedza kuwanda kweiyo gesture, kuwanikwa kunoenderana nekudzikamisa kwadzo padanho repakati.
Zvimiro zvehuropi zvine hukama zvinosanganisira brainstem (pedyo nenzvimbo yekufema uye vasomotor) uye hypothalamus, kunyanya paraventricular nucleus ine neuroni. oxytocinergic iyo inobatana nenzvimbo dzakadai sehippocampus, pons, uye medulla oblongata. Ichi chivakwa chinoenderana ne "stereotypical" uye yakachengetedzwa zvakanyanya hunhu hwekuzamura.
Kumwe kucherechedzwa neuroimaging kunoratidza kubatanidzwa kwe precuneus, dunhu rakabatana nekuzviziva uye maitiro emagariro, uye zvakare inogadziriswa nemaitiro ekufema akadai sekufema kweyogi. Kunyangwe izvi zvakawanikwa zvichikurudzira, zvakawanda zvichiri kuda kutsanangurwa maererano nemapu ayo anoshanda.
Mukuita kwekiriniki, kunzwisisa kuzamura kunogona kubatsira. Zvakatsanangurwa kuti zvikamu zvekuzamura zvakanyanyisa zvinogona kutangira kurwiswa kwe migraines kana zviitiko zvepfari, uye maitiro akaonekwa mune zvenguva lobe kusagadzikana. Hukama ne thermoregulation hwakataurwawo mukusarara, uko misiyano midiki yekupisa kwemuviri inokanganisa kutanga kwekurara. kurara.
Imwe nyaya yakaparadzana ndeye vasovagal syncope: kana mumwe munhu akatanga kutsemuka kakawanda asati anzwa dzungu (somuenzaniso, mushure mekutorwa ropa), inogona kunge iri nhanganyaya yekudonha. kunetsanaMuzviitiko izvi, kurara pasi kazhinji kunodzivirira kufenda. Zvishoma zvakajairika, asi zvakakosha, kuzamura kwakanyanyisa kunoenderana nesitiroko, pfari, kana zvirwere zveurourodegenerative zvakaita semultiple sclerosis; kana maitiro anooneka akaitika, zvinokurudzirwa kutsvaga rubatsiro kuna chiremba.
Yawning muumambo hwemhuka (uye zvainotiudza nezvedu)
Kuzamura hakusi kwega kumarudzi edu: kwakanyorwa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemhuka dzine vertebrates, kubva kumbwa nekatsi kusvika kune zvinokambaira uye kunyange. hoveMumagariro canids (mhumhi nembwa), kuwiriranisa kwemaitiro kwakaonekwa, izvo ine chinangwa pamabasa ekubatana kweboka. Mune primates, mukuwedzera kune kutapurirana, inogona kutamba hierarchical uye manzwiro ekudzora zvimiro.
Tinogona kuwana muvanhu nemaape, kutapurirana kunonyanya kushamisa, zvichida nekuda kwekuoma kwehupenyu hwemagariro evanhu uye neural architecture inotsigira. social complexityKufambirana uku kunopa midzi yekushanduka-shanduka kwechiito uye, pamwe, nekukosha kwayo kwekutaurirana.
Mibvunzo inowanzo bvunzwa uye zvesainzi zvine chekuita nekuziva
Kangani patinenge tichizamura pazuva? Pahuwandu hwevanhu, huwandu hwataurwa hunosvika masvondo maviri pazuva, kunyangwe aripo kusiyana-siyana munhu anozivikanwa. Mamiriro ezvinhu akakosha kupfuura nhamba dzakakwana.
Zvakaipa here kuramba uchizamura? Hapana humbowo hwekuti kuidzvanyirira kunokonzeresa kukuvadza senge izvo zvine chinhu zvinogona kukonzera. sneezeZvinowanzoitika ndezvekuti tinopedzisira tazamura. kakawanda nemaitiro mapfupi kana “akavanzika”.
Ko mafetus anoyamwa? Hongu, hunhu hunoenderana nekuzamura kwave kucherechedzwa kutanga mukupera kwe trimester yekutanga yekuzvitakura. Kuwana uku kunosimbisa pfungwa yekuti ndiyo mota patani. kutanga uye yakanyatsochengetedzwa.
Iko activation inowedzera mushure mekuzamura here? Kucherechedza kwakawanda kunoratidza kuwedzera kwemwoyo uye kuwedzera kweropa; izvi zvinoenderana nebasa rekutarisisa "microreset" uye kusvinura.
Zvinechekuita nenzeve here? Kuvhura kweshaya kwakapamhama kunogona kubatsira kuenzana kumanikidzwa mukati kwenzeve. Naizvozvo, panguva yekuchinja kwehurefu, gesture dzimwe nguva inopa zororo.
Kuita zvepabonde kune simba here? Zvinonzi varume vanoshama n'ai kupfuura vakadzi, kunyange zvazvo kusiyana uku kuchifanira kududzirwa nokungwarira uye mukati kusiyana-siyana zvezvidzidzo.
Zvakadini noku“bata mweya wako”? Humbowo huripo hunotonga kuzamura sekunge kuri mhinduro yekushaikwa kweokisijeni kana yakawandisa CO2; asi, inonongedza kuzvinhu zvakawanda. zvikamu thermal, social, hemodynamic uye activation.
Uye zvakadini neurotransmitters? Iyo gesture inowedzera nekushandiswa kwemaitiro akadai seserotonin uye dopamine, nepo kuvapo kwe endogenous opiates inowanzoideredza, zvese zvinoenderana nebasa rayo mukugadzirisa kusvinura uye kusagadzikana.
Kuzamura kunopfuura kugomera kwakadzama nemuromo wakavhurika: kunobatanidza kudzikamisa kwehuropi, kugadziridzwa kwechimurenga, kutaurirana kwevanhu, uye mhinduro dzekare dzakazvimiririra. Hunhu hwayo hwekutapurirana hausi hwechido, asi mucherechedzo we social brain yakanyatsorongedzerwa kurongeka nevamwe uye gara panzvimbo inofashaira pazvinenge zvichidiwa.