Patinotaura nhasi nezve pfungwa yezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe Hatisi kungotaura nezvechinhu chekare kana chekare chete. Tiri kutaura pfungwa dzakasiyana-siyana, kusawirirana, dzidziso dzezvematongerwo enyika nedzehupfumi, uye nzira dzekuona sainzi, chitendero, uye nzanga dzakagadzirwa mu XIX remakore Uye zvinoramba zvichiumba mafungiro edu nezvezvematongerwo enyika, zvehupfumi, uye kunyange dzidzo. Kutarisa shure muzana remakore iroro hakusi kudzidzira kuyeuka nguva yakapfuura: zviri kuenda kunobva hurukuro dzedu dzakawanda dziripo iye zvino.
Panguva imwe chete, zita iroro rekuti "zana remakore rechigumi nepfumbamwe" rinoshandiswa mumutauro wezuva nezuva kuratidza chimwe chinhu yechinyakare kana kuti yechinyakareMitemo, tsika, masangano evashandi, mapato ezvematongerwo enyika, kana mabhuku ane mutauro unonzwika sewekare. Huviri uhwu—sezvakatangira mazuva ano uye chiratidzo chekusashanda zvakanaka—ndicho chimwe chezvinhu zvinoita kuti tinzwisise zvaifungwa nevanhu muzana remakore rechi19, mamiriro ezvinhu aichikurudzira, uye kuti zvakazviratidza sei mumienzaniso yakasiyana-siyana yakadai se rusununguko, socialism, nationalism, imperialism kana dzidzo pachayo.
Tinorevei nepfungwa dzemuzana remakore rechi19?
Izwi iri rinoreva, chaizvoizvo, seti ye ruzivo rwepfungwa, zvematongerwo enyika, zvehupfumi uye tsika zvakatanga muzana remakore rechi19, mukukurukurirana neEnlightenment yezana remakore rechi18 pamwe nekuchinja kwezvematongerwo enyika nekukura kwemaindasitiri. Mupfungwa isina kusimba, inoshandiswa kunyora mazita epfungwa dziripo dziri kuramba dzakabatikana mu fungidziro, hutongi, uye tsika dzaivepo muzana remakore iroro, kunyangwe karenda ichiti tiri kurarama muzana remakore rechi21.
Mumutauro wemazuva ese, kudana chimwe chinhu kuti "zana remakore rechigumi nepfumbamwe" zvinoreva kuchitumidza kuti yechinyakare, yakaoma, kana kuti yetsikaBumbiro remutemo revashandi risingateereri kodzero dzevanhu, bato rezvematongerwo enyika rinoshanda semakirabhu ekare erusununguko, kana bhuku rine mitsara isingaperi uye mazwi akaomarara zvinowanzotsanangurwa nenzira iyi. Hazvidi kuti zvive zvemuzana remakore rechi19: zvakakwana kuti vataure mafungiro akavakirwa panhoroondo iyoyo.
Zvisinei, mupfungwa yehunyanzvi, pfungwa yezana remakore rechigumi nepfumbamwe inoreva boka redzidziso: rusununguko, tsika dzechivanhu, urudzi, zvematongerwo enyika zvechiKaturike, hutongi hweumambo, socialism (utopian neMarxist), anarchismKuwedzera kune mafambiro ehupfumi akadai sezvikoro zvechinyakare nezvechinyakare, zvinosanganisirawo shanduko musainzi, kubva pakuva nepfungwa dzakanaka uye rudo kusvika pakuva nepfungwa dzesainzi dzinozvitonga.
Zvese izvi zviri kuitika muzana remakore rakaratidzwa nekuputsika kukuru: hafu yekutanga, ye Pfungwa dzerudo uye dzechimurengaIzvi zvinoteverwa nehafu yechipiri inotongwa ne maonero akanaka esainzi, fungidziro, uye kutenda mumitemo yenhoroondoKuchinja uku kunoonekwa mumaonero anoita Hurumende, nyika, hupfumi, kana nhoroondo pachayo.
Mamiriro enhoroondo: zana remakore rekuchinja-chinja uye humambo
Kuti unzwisise pfungwa yezana remakore rechi19, unofanira kufunga nezvemamiriro ayo ezvinhu: zana remakore re shanduko dzezvematongerwo enyika, kuwedzera kwemaindasitiri, kuvaka nyika, uye kutonga kwehumamboHapana chainzi nevanyori venguva iyoyo chaingove chiri kungofamba-famba mudenga; zvese zvaipindura kune kusawirirana kwakananga.
Muzvematongerwo enyika, zana remakore rechi19 rinotanga nenhaka ye French Revolution uye kuzvitonga kweUnited States, uye zvinopararira pakati pemafungu echimurenga (1830, 1848), kudzorerwa kweumambo uye kurwisana pakati pemutemo wechokwadi (absolutism) nemutemo webumbiro remitemo (constitutionalism)Bumbiro remitemo, paramende, mapato zvinobuda, uye gakava guru rinomuka pamusoro pekuti ndiani ane simba: mambo, rudzi, kana vanhu.
Munyaya dzezvehupfumi nedzemagariro evanhu, zviri kubatanidza Industrial Revolution Kutanga muzana remakore rechi18, michina, njanji, zvikepe zvinofambisa mvura, migero, nemigwagwa zvakawedzera kubereka, asi zvakare zvakagadzira... vashandi vemumagutanemazuva ekushanda akaomarara, kushandiswa kwevana, uye nzvimbo dzine vanhu varombo vanoshanda. Kusawirirana uku pakati pehupfumi huri kukura nehurombo hwakapararira kunokurudzira kushoropodzwa kwegutsaruzhinji nekwevanhu vasina hutongi hwejekerere.
Padanho repasi rose, zana remakore rakaona kuumbwa kwe Nyika dzemuEurope uye kuwedzera kwehutongi hwemakoloni. Germany neItaly zvakabatana, humambo hwenyika dzakawanda (Austro-Hungary, Ottoman) hunoedza kuramba, uye masimba eEurope, pamwe chete neUnited States, vanotanga chirongwa che rudzi rweumambo muAfrica, Asia neLatin America, zvichitsigirwa nedzidziso dzakadai sedzidziso dzeDarwinism.
Nyika yeAmerica inosangana nekuparara kwayo: matunhu mazhinji ekuAmerica eHispanic—Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, nedzimwe—anowana rusununguko rwawo. rusununguko uye vanofanira kugadzira bumbiro remitemo, masisitimu emapato, uye mamodheru ebudiriro, mukukurukurirana nekusawirirana nedzidziso dzeEurope. Kubva muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore zvichienda mberi, United States Inobuda sesimba guru remaindasitiri uye, mushure meHondo yeVanhu, inotangawo kuwedzera hupfumi nehondo.
Zvinorehwa ne "zana remakore rechi19" pari zvino
Mumutauro wakajairika, "zana remakore rechigumi nepfumbamwe" rave richireva zvakafanana ne yechinyakareIzvi zvinoshanda kumabasa emubatanidzwa wevanhu anotsvaga kudzora simba "semazuva ekare," kumapato anotsigira dzidziso dzerusununguko, kana kumabhuku ane mutauro wakaoma uye wekare Zvinoita kuti zviome kuverenga.
Chinhu chinonakidza ndechekuti, kunyange zvazvo mienzaniso iyi isiri yezana remakore rechi19, kushorwa ndekwekuti inoramba ichibereka masimiro esimba, maitiro esimba, kana nzira dzekutaura Vakazvarwa panguva iyoyo yenhoroondo. Mubatanidzwa unoona kurwa sekurwisana kweboka risina zvikanganiso, kana bato rinozvironga sechikwata chevanhu vakakurumbira, rine pfungwa dzemuzana remakore rechi19.
Izwi rekuti "zana remakore rechi19" rinoshandiswawo kana tichireva rudzi rwakatanga muzana remakore iroro—rwakadai se imperialism— Inoramba ichishandiswa pasina kugadziriswa kutsanangura zvinoitika pari zvino. Semuyenzaniso, mushure mekupindira kwemauto munguva pfupi yapfuura, hutongi hwehumambo hwakashandiswa kutsanangura mutemo wekunze weUS. Mubvunzo ndewokuti hurongwa uhwu, hwakagadzirwa kutsanangura zvinangwa zvekoloni yeEurope yezana remakore rechi19, huchiri kukodzera here sezvazviri pakunzwisisana? nzira itsva dzesimba nekubvisa zviwanikwa pasi rose kana kuti zvingavanza chokwadi.
Zvinoshamisa kuti, zana remakore rechi19 pacharo rave nzvimbo yekutarisa tsika nezvematongerwo enyika kurwisa zvimwe zvezvakaipa zvaakasika iye pachake. Vakatarisana nehutongi hwehumambo hwakamuka munguva iyoyo, vanhu vakaita saBenito Juárez nechirevo chake chakakurumbira, "pakati pevanhu, sepakati pemarudzi, kuremekedza kodzero dzevamwe rugare," vanokumbirwa kushoropodza kupindira kwekunze. Nemamwe mashoko, chiitiko chemuzana remakore rechi19 chinorwiswa nekukumbira tsika nevatungamiriri venguva imwe chete.
Saka, muzana remakore rechi19 rinoshanda panguva imwe chete se mavambo ekusawirirana kwenyika (hutongi hwehumambo, hutongi hwenyika hune hutsinye, hutongi hwehupfumi hwemaindasitiri) uye se nzvimbo yekuchengetedza yekufananidzira yenheyo — kodzero, kuzvitonga kwenyika, pamutemo — dzatinoramba tichitonga nadzo kusawirirana uku.
Mafambiro makuru ekufunga kwezvematongerwo enyika ezana remakore rechi19
Kusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika nekushanduka kwevanhu kwemuzana remakore rechi19 kwakakonzera kuputika kukuru kwedzidziso, "dzidziso dzechitendero" dzakakurumbira. Dzakawanda dzadzo dzinoramba dzichiumba hwaro hwemafungiro edu. pfungwa dzezvematongerwo enyika dzemazuva anoPakati pezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha ndeizvi rusununguko, tsika dzechivanhu, socialism, urudzi, zvematongerwo enyika zvechiKaturike, udzvanyiriri, uye anarchism.
Mafungu aya haasi nzvimbo dzisingapindi mvura. Kazhinji Zvinoenderana uye zvinopikisana Nenzira dzakasiyana: rusununguko nesocialism zvinopikisana neHurumende Yekare; vatsigiri vemasocialist nevetsika vanotsoropodza hurumende yerusununguko nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana; nyika inogona kuva nerusununguko pakutanga kwayo uye yozopedzisira yava netsika dzekuchengetedza uye yekuvenga vatorwa gare gare.
Chiitiko chikuru chinoparadzanisa zana remakore kuita zvikamu zviviri ndeche mafungu echimurenga a1848Kubva ipapo zvichienda mberi, rusununguko rwava dzidziso huru, rusununguko rwava kuchinja kubva pazviroto zveutopian kuenda kurusununguko rwaMarx rwe "sainzi", uye hurudzi hunosiya chido chahwo chekusunungura vanhu kuti vagamuchire nzvimbo dzehudzvanyiriri dziri kuwedzera. vachengeti vezvido zvechigarire nevemaumamboZvese izvi zvichikonzerwa nepfungwa dzakafanana nedzevamwe nyanzvi yesainzi-yepfungwa dzakanaka chinangwa chekuwana mitemo yenhoroondo, nzanga, uye yezvehupfumi.
liberalism
El liberalism Ndiyo dzidziso iyo, ichishandisa hunyanzvi hweChirungu neFrench Enlightenment, inopa chifukidziro chepfungwa chekuchinja-chinja kurwisa absolutism. Inodzivirira rusununguko rwemunhu rwunovimbiswa nebumbiro remitemokupatsanurwa kwemasimba, hurumende inomiririra, uye seti ye kodzero dzechisikigo zvakaita serusununguko rwekutaura, hana, kunamata, kuchengetedzeka uye kuenzana pamberi pemutemo.
Munyaya dzezvehupfumi, rusununguko rwevanhu rwunotsigira pfuma yemunhu, bhizinesi rakasununguka uye musika usina miganho inotungamirwa nehurumende (laissez-faire yakakurumbira). Muzvematongerwo enyika, inotsigira kutonga kweparamende kwevatungamiriri uye kodzero yekusarudza kodzero yekusarudza, kunyangwe mukati merusununguko rwekusarudza kodzero dzerusununguko pacharwo paine gakava rekuti zvinofanira kunge zvichibva pakodzero dzepfuma here kana kuti zvinoenderana nekodzero dzevanhu vose (kunyanya varume), izvo zvichakonzera kuti pave nerusununguko rwekusarudza kodzero dzerusununguko. zvine mwero uye zvedemocracy.
MuEngland, rusununguko rwevanhu rwakanyanya kutarisa pahupfumi. Vafungi vakaita se jeremy bentham Vanoruramisa Hurumende chete kana ichiwana "mufaro mukuru kune vakawanda," nepo vanyori vakaita se James Mill y John stuart chigayo Vanokurukura nezvekumiririrwa, kodzero yevhoti, uye kukosha kwerusununguko. Herbert SpencerAchikurudzirwa nedzidziso dzaDarwin, anosvika pakuva nepfungwa dzerusununguko dzinonyanya kukoshesa kurwira hupenyu uye dzisingavimbi nekupindira kwevanhu.
MuFrance, rusununguko rwezvematongerwo enyika rwunobatanidza zvinhu zvine chekuita nehupfumi. Benjamin Constant Anodzivirira humambo hwebumbiro remitemo umo "mambo anotonga asi asingatongi," nepo Alexis de Tocqueville Inoongorora hutongi hweAmerica nenjodzi dzekuenzana kwevanhu vazhinji. Gare gare, rusununguko rwakanyanya, zvenyika uye zverepublican, zvichitsigira kodzero yevarume vose yekusarudza kodzero dzavo uye zvinonzwa zvinodiwa nevanhu, kunyange zvazvo nguva dzose zviri kure nehurongwa hwemagariro evanhu.
Urudzi
El urudzi Inosimudzira kodzero yevanhu yekuzviumba senyika yavo. Muhafu yekutanga yezana remakore, yaive yakabatana zvakanyanya nerusununguko uye rudo, ichikurudzira kubatana kweItaly neGermany kurwisa humambo hwekare. Vanyori vakaita sa Mazzini Vanoona nyika senzvimbo inoyera, uko zvematongerwo enyika nechitendero zvinofambidzana.
MuFrance, vanyori venhoroondo vakaita sa Michelet Vanoshandura rudzi kuita rudzi rwenyaya huru, vachiimba nezvebasa rayo renhoroondo uye hukama hwepasi rose. Zvisinei, muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore, hunhu hwenyika hunochinja hunhu hwahwo: hunobatana ne tsika dzechinyakareChitendero chesimba, ruvengo rwechiJudha, uye ruvengo rwevatorwa. Kusarurana kwenyika kunobuda. vanopikisavanofarira dzinza nenzvimbo, izvo zvichazova nzvimbo yekuberekera kurwisana kunotevera.
Tsika dzechivanhu
Vakatarisana nefungu rechimurenga, tsika Anopindura nekudzivirira Hutongi hwekare uye kurwisa misimboti isina kujeka yeChiedza. Anoti kurongeka kwezvematongerwo enyika kunofanirwa kuvakirwa pa... nhoroondo, chitendero, uye hutungamiriri hwakagara nhakakwete mukodzero dzevanhu vose.
Vanyori vakaita Joseph de Maistre o Louis de Bonald Vanoseka "munhu asinganzwisisike" wevapanduki: kwavari, vanhu vakafanana havasipo, vaFrance, vaItaly, vaSpanish chete, mumwe nemumwe ane tsika dzake neumambo hwake. Vanodzivirira hurongwa hwevanhu. zvine hutongi hwakasimba, umambo hwakakwana, kuzviisa pasi pesimba rehurumende pasi pehupapa, uye kutoruramisa Kubvunzurudza kana uranda.
Muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore, tsika iyi yakatora chimiro chitsva sainzi (positivism, determinism) uye inosanganiswa netsika dzerudzi dzine hasha, zvichikonzera mafungiro anobvumidza kusaenzana kwechisikigo, kusarudzwa kwevanhu uye kurambwa kwedemocracy yakawanda.
Katurike yezvematongerwo enyika, Imperialism, uye Anarchism
El Katurike yezvematongerwo enyika Yakakamurwa kuita mativi maviri. Kune rumwe rutivi, katorike yemagariro evanhu, iyo inoshora nhamo yevashandi inokonzerwa nerusununguko uye inotsvaga mhinduro muzvinyorwa zvakaita se Rerum Novarum. Ukuwo, the katorike yakasununguka, iyo inoedza kubatanidza dzimwe nheyo dzerusununguko nekutenda, ichidzivirira rusununguko ruri pakati nepakati asi ichiramba iine basa guru reChechi.
El imperialism Inoshandisa kuvakwa kwenyika nenyika nedzidziso dzakadai se social DarwinismMuGermany, France, neUnited Kingdom, pfungwa dzebasa rekusimudzira magariro evanhu, kukwirira kwerudzi, uye kodzero yekukunda "nzvimbo yekugara" dzakabuda. Hondo nekuwedzera kwehutongi hwemakoloni zvakaratidzwa se zvisingadzivisiki uye zvinobatsirazvese mune zveupfumi uye mutsika.
La anarchist currentnemifananidzo yakaita se Bakunin o KropotkinIzvi zvinobuda setsoropodzo huru yeHurumende nemasimba ese. Zvinobva pakuvimbana kwakadzama mu mutsa nekubatana ndizvo zvakasikwa kuvanhu.uye inopa pfungwa yekuti pave nenzanga isina nyika, yakavakirwa pamatunhu akazvimirira uye akabatana, uko muridzi wezvinhu ari weboka revanhu vose uye sarudzo dzinoitwa kubva pasi zvichikwira.
Socialism yezana remakore rechi19: Kubva kuUtopia kuenda kuMarx
El socialism yezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe Yakatangwa neKuchinja Kwemaindasitiri, semhinduro yekusaenzana nematambudziko evashandi. Pakutanga, yakatora mafomu akasiyana-siyana, atinodaidza nhasi kuti hutopia hweutopian, uye gare gare zvinotsanangurwa mu Marxism zvakaita sesainzi socialism.
Vasosharisiti veUtopian, vazhinji vavo vekuFrance kana vekuBritain, vaifungidzira nharaunda dzekushandira pamwe, shanduko dzetsika, uye mamodheru emasangano ane zvibereko zvaive zvimwe zvinotsiva hukapitalisti. Robert Owen inokurudzira makambani emaindasitiri ane hunhu hwakanaka uye mabhanga emari evashandi; Saint-Simon Anorota nezvenzanga inotungamirwa nevemaindasitiri nevasayendisiti; fourier Inokurudzira phalansteries apo basa rinorongwa zvichienderana nezvido; Proudhon Akaedza kushandisa hunyanzvi hwekubatana uye hutungamiriri hwenyika, achishora pfuma sekuba asi achidzivirira rusununguko rwakadzama rwemunhu oga.
El MarxismKune rumwe rutivi, inoshandisa hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hwekare uye uzivi hweHegelian kuvaka ongororo yakarongeka yehukapitalisti. Carl MarxNyaya yacho inyaya ye kirasi kurwisana, uye hukama hwekugadzira (ndiani muridzi wenzira dzekugadzira) hunosarudza chimiro chemagariro evanhu uye chimiro chepamusoro chepamutemo, chezvematongerwo enyika uye chepfungwa.
Ongororo yeMarxist inoburitsa pfungwa dzakadai se zvinhu zvenhoroondo, kukosha kwakawandisa, kuparadzaniswa Anoti capitalism, nekuwedzera kukura kwemasimba ekugadzira zvinhu uye kuisa pfungwa pakuva muridzi, inochera guva rayo. Chimurenga chevashandi, kudyidzana kwenzira dzekugadzira zvinhu, uye kunyangarika kwehurumende sechishandiso chekutonga, muchirongwa chake, zvaizova matanho ekuenda kunzanga yekomunisiti isina madzinza.
Chiono ichi chaizopesvedzera zvine simba mafambiro evashandi vekuEurope, mapato echisosharisti, uye gare gare, kuvaka mamodheru e magariro uyo achakumbira mabhuku neunyanzvi kuti zviratidze chokwadi chevashandi kwete sezvazviri, asi sezvazvinofanira kuva zvichienderana nepfungwa yechimurenga.
Pfungwa dzezvehupfumi dzemuzana remakore rechi19: kubva kune dzekare kusvika kune dzekare
Muzvehupfumi, zana remakore rechi19 rakatanga kutungamirwa ne chikoro chekirasi —Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Malthus—, uye neongororo dzakasiyana-siyana (kusanganisira Marx) uye, kusvika pakupera kwezana remakore, ne chimurenga chepasi uye chimurenga chekareZvese izvi zvinoitika mukati mekukura kwemaindasitiri uye matambudziko anokonzeresa kutenda mumusika unozvitonga.
Nyanzvi dzezvehupfumi dzekare dzinoti pfuma inogadzirwa mu kubudisa uye kuti musika, kana ukasiyiwa wega, unenge wava kuenzana. Smith anotanga kupatsanurwa kwakakurumbira kwevashandi, musiyano uripo pakati kukosha kwekushandisa uye kukosha kwekutsinhanauye anovimba kuti "ruoko rusingaonekwe" rwemusika ruchagadzirisa mitengo uye ruchagovanisa zviwanikwa. Ricardo anogadzira dzidziso pamusoro pedzidziso yevashandi yekukosha, rendi yevhu, uye kugoverwa kwemihoro, purofiti, uye rendi.
Malthus, iye pachake, akatanga dzidziso yake inokakavadzana pamusoro pe chizvarwaZvichienderana nemaonero aya, huwandu hwevanhu hunowanzo wedzera nekukurumidza kupfuura zviwanikwa, zvichiisa kumanikidzwa pamihoro nechikafu. Mazano ake ekudzivirira tsika uye kudzivirira kwake misika yakasununguka achipesana nemitemo yerubatsiro zvakamuita kuti atsoropodzwe zvakanyanya, kusanganisira naMarx.
Matambudziko nekusaenzana zvinounza mafungiro: kubva kumanzwi enhoroondo anosimbisa kujeka kwenyaya yega yega, kusvika pakutsoropodzwa kwakanyanya kwe Pfungwa dzezvehupfumi dzeMarxistuyo anoona mumitemo yemusika kwete kuwirirana kwechisikigo, asi nzira dzekare dzekushandisa zvisina kunaka.
Pakupera kwezana remakore, nyanzvi dzezvehupfumi dzakadai se Alfred Marshall y Leon Walras Vanogadzirisa dzidziso iyi kubva pamaonero evasingateereri mutemo. Vanonyanya kutarisa pane maitiro evatengi nebhizinesiVakatanga ongororo yezvekuwanikwa kwezvinhu nezvinodiwa nevanhu vachishandisa mitengo nematanho akaenzana, uye vakashandisa masvomhu semutauro wavo mukuru. Sisitimu yemusika yakaratidzwa senzira inoshanda yekugovera zviwanikwa, kazhinji ichibvisa kusawirirana kwevanhu kwainyanya kukonzera matambudziko emagariro evanhu.
Dzidzo nepfungwa dzemuzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe: chitarisiko chakakomba
Dzidzo yemuzana remakore rechi19 yakanga isina divi rayo. Yakaumbwa zvakanyanya ne kusarura madzitateguru, maonero akanaka, hunhu hwenyika nechitenderoKutaura zvazviri, vazhinji vevanotsoropodza kodzero dzevakadzi vemazuva ano vanoona mu "dzidzo yezana remakore rechi19" senzira yekutonga iyo ichiri kusiya chiratidzo chayo pamayunivhesiti nezvikoro nhasi.
Kubva pamaonero evanhurume nevanhukadzi, zvakasimbiswa kuti dzidzo yemazuva ano, yakafuridzirwa neKujekeswa uye yakasimbiswa ne Pfungwa dzeWestern positivist nedze theocentricYakavakwa sehurukuro ine pamutemo uye yakafanana yaidzora pfungwa, kugadzirwa, uye kudyidzana kwevanhu, kunyanya kwevakadzi. kutonga kwemadzitateguru Yakanga isiri nyaya yemumba chete: yakashandurirwa muzvidzidzo, kusarudzwa kwezivo chaiyo, uye nzira chaiyo yekufunga sainzi.
Vaongorori vezvekodzero dzevakadzi vakaongorora dzidzo yemuzana remakore rechi19 senzira iyo Zvinonyaradza vakadzi, zvichireva kukuvadza miviri yavo kuvagadzirisa kuti vaenderane nerunako nemaitiro anotsanangurwa nemaziso evarume, uye kuvaumba kuti vashumire nekugadzirisa matambudziko evarume. Kutonga uku kunodzokororwa kana vakadzi pachavo vachipinda mupfungwa dzavo vozopedzisira vava kuda kuti vamwe vadaro, zvichikurudzira kushorwa kwevakadzi nevarume uye automisogyny izvo zvinotopinda muzvidzidzo.
Pfungwa ye chiratidzoMuchirevo ichi, inoshanda pakubvunza rusaruro rwemunhu oga uye rusaruro rwakashandiswa nepfungwa dzemazuva ano dzakajekeswa kuti dzisvike pachokwadi. Vanyori vakaita saCrary vakaratidza kuti maonero emazuva ano akaganhurirwa sei ku zvishandiso zvekutarisa zvinodzorwa zvakanyanyaKufunga patsva nezvedzidzo yemuzana remakore rechi19, saka, kunosanganisira kuvhura dzimwe nzira dzakawanda dzekuona, kuziva chinzvimbo chemuoni, uye kuda kutaurirana neruzivo rusina chekuita nemasimba ekutonga.
Kubva pamaonero aya, dzidzo yemuzana remakore rechi19 inoonekwa senzira yekudzidzisa chikamu chekuongorora chakazadzwa nekupikisa: kuramba kwemasimba masimba, kunotsvaga kuchengetedza chimiro chemadzitateguru, asiwo kuramba kwakapfava, kuri mutsika dzemapurofesa echikadzi, vadzidzi nemapoka evanhu vanopikisa, vanodudzira patsva kana kuparadza nhaka iyoyo muhupenyu hwavo hweyunivhesiti.
Kuonekwa kwechokwadi kwezana remakore rechi19 uye kumiririrwa kwechokwadi
Mundima yemabhuku neunyanzvi, muzana remakore rechi19 rakaona kuberekwa kwe chokwadi sepfungwa inotonga: rudzi rwakakodzera rusina basa rinomirira zvizere, asi rwunotungamira kumiririrwa kwechokwadi chemagariro evanhuKuonekwa kwechokwadi uku kwemuzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe kunotsanangurwa nekucherechedza kwakanyatsojeka, kuongorora kwakadzama tsika, zvipfeko, nzvimbo dzemumaguta nedzekumaruwa, uye chishuwo chekupa mufananidzo wakatendeka wehupenyu hwemazuva ano.
MuFrance, nhamba dzakadai se Balzac, Flaubert Vanyori vedzidziso dzesangano iri, kubva kuna Planche kusvika kuna Champfleury, vanokurukura nezvebasa remashoko akadzama, kusasarura kwemurondedzeri, uye kudiwa kwekutarisa pahupenyu hwezuva nezuva pane mabasa eushingi. Hapana kushomeka kwevatsoropodzi vanoona muchitendero ichi chidiki diki sekusaremekedza kana kusazvibata, vachifara nezvinhu zvakashata vasina kupa mienzaniso inovaka.
Nhaurirano iyi inosvika kune dzimwe nyika: muEngland, Dickens (ane pfungwa dzakapinza kana kuti ane rudo) anosiyaniswa naThackeray (ane pfungwa dzakapinza), nepo muRussia, vanyori vakaita sa Dostoevsky y Tolstoy Dzinosanganisira zvinhu zvinoshamisa, zvepfungwa, uye zvetsika zvisingabvumirwe chero zita ripi zvaro. Kutsoropodzwa kwaMarxist kwakazotevera, pamwe chete Georg Lukács Pamberi, achaona muchokwadi kugona kugadzira hunhu hunomiririra hunhu kupokana kwevanhu nenhoroondokuva mabhiriji pakati pezvazvino nezveramangwana.
MuSpain, realism ine tsika refu —Celestine, El Lazarillo, The Quixote— iyo yakagadziriswa pakupera kwezana remakore nevanyori vakaita se Pérez Galdos, ClarÃn kana Pardo BazánMabhuku ake anopa maonero akapfuma enzanga yeSpain, achisanganisa tsananguro dzemuviri nedzepfungwa nemunhu anoziva zvese anotonga, anoseka, kana kuti anonzwira tsitsi. Rondedzero dzakadai sedzinoti Mubvunzo unopisa Vanokurukurawo nezvekugamuchirwa kwe zvakasikwa Zola nepfungwa dzake dzesainzi.
Izwi zvakasikwa anopinda muhondo uye, kwenguva yakati, anopindirana nepfungwa yekuti zvinhu ndezvechokwadi. Zola, mu Nyaya yekuedza, inotsigira mabhuku anotsigirwa ne nzira yesainzi uye kuzvipirauyo anocherechedza uye ozo "edza" nevanhu vakaita sachiremba nevarwere vake. Nekufamba kwenguva, vatsoropodzi vachasiyanisa pakati pepfungwa mbiri idzi, vachichengetedza chitendero chezvisikwa sechikamu chedzidziso, chinoratidzwa nepfungwa dzakanaka uye nhaka yesainzi yekuedza.
Kunze kwenzvimbo yakaoma yemabhuku, gakava pamusoro pekuti zvinhu ndezvechokwadi muzana remakore rechi19 rakakonzera tsananguro dzakasiyana kwazvo: kubva kune avo vanoribatanidza ne kungoita mifananidzo chete yechokwadi...kunyangwe avo, vakaita saAdorno, vanoitsoropodza kana yave kutaurwa sepropaganda kana kuratidzwa kwenyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika, vachidzivirira pfungwa dzevasati vamboona zvinhu senzira yekuzvitaura. shandura hurongwa hwakagadziriswa.
Rwendo urwu rwese rwunoratidza kuti kutaura nezve "pfungwa dzemuzana remakore rechi19" nhasi hakusi kushandisa zita rekuzvidza kune chimwe chinhu chekare, asi kuziva network yakakura yemazano, kusawirirana, uye mhando dzekumiririra zvakatanga muzana remakore rechi19 uye zvichiri kuramba zvichipinda mune zvematongerwo enyika, zvehupfumi, dzidzo netsika, kungave setsika dzakagara nhaka dzinodzokororwa, semapoka anofanira kuongororwa zvakadzama, kana senzvimbo dzekupikisa nekufungidzira kwezvematongerwo enyika zvichiri kutinetsa.
