Yakatanga mumusha mudiki wevabati vehove nevarimi, iyo kuburikidza nemazana emakore uye nekuda kwekutsungirira uye kuda kwevagari vayo, yakagadziridzwa kusvika Budiriro yeRoma yakava imwe yedzakanyanya kukosha munyika yekare uye pesvedzero yayo inoramba iine simba kwazvo munyika yanhasi.
Budiriro yeRoma
Roma yekare, imwe yeakakosha budiriro yenyika yekare, yakatanga mune yaizova guta rayo guru, iro rine zita raRomulus, uyo maererano nengano aive muvambi waro. Pakati peRoma pakavamba mukati mebani rine matope, rakaganhurwa neCapitoline Hill, Palatine neQuirinal. Tsika dzevaEtruscans nevaGiriki vekare vaive nepesvedzero chaiyo pakuumbwa kwebudiriro yeRoma yekare.
Roma yekare yakasvika pakukwirira kwesimba rayo muzana remakore rechipiri AD kubva kunharaunda yeEngland yemazuva ano kuchamhembe kusvika kuSudan kumaodzanyemba uye kubva kuIraq kumabvazuva kusvika kuPortugal kumadokero. Roma yakasiira nyika yemazuvano mutemo weRoma, mamwe mafomu ekuvaka uye zvigadziriso (semuenzaniso, arch uye dome), uye zvimwe zvakawanda zvitsva (semuenzaniso, iyo hydraulic mill). ChiKristu sechitendero chakazvarwa munharaunda yedunhu raigarwa neHumambo hweRoma, iyo mushure memakore matanhatu yakava chikamu cheHumambo hweRoma.
Mutauro unonyanya kushandiswa munyika yeRoma yekare waiva wechiLatin. Chitendero panguva yekuvapo kwacho chaive chevamwari vakawanda, chiratidzo chehumambo hwacho chaive Gondo reGoridhe (zvisina pamutemo), mushure mekugamuchirwa kwechiKristu, labaros yakaonekwa (mureza uyo Mambo Constantine akagadzira mauto ake) aine chrismon ( monogram yaKristu ine. mabhii echiGiriki Χ “ji” uye Ρ “rho”).
nhoroondo yebudiriro yeRoma
Chimiro chehurumende chakachinja nekufamba kwenguva kubva pahumambo, republic, uye pakupedzisira humambo. Nhoroondo yeBudiriro yeRoma inogona kupatsanurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu, nezvikamu zvadzo, izvo zvinotevera nguva dzinoshanda, kwete nguva dzose nhoroondo yechokwadi:
Humambo (kubva mugore 754/753 kusvika mugore 510/509 BC)
Republic (kubva pagore 510/509 kusvika gore 30/27 BC)
- Repabhuriki yeRoma yekutanga (509-265 BC)
- Late Roman Republic (265 - 31/27 BC), nguva mbiri dzimwe nguva dzinosiyaniswa [1]:
- Nguva yekukunda kukuru kwerepublic (265-133 BC)
- Hondo dzevagari vemo uye dambudziko reRoma Republic (133-31 / 27 BC)
Humambo (31/27 BC - 476 AD)
- Humambo hweRoma hwekutanga. Hukuru (31/27 BC - 235 AD)
- Dambudziko remuzana ramakore rechitatu (235-284)
- Humambo hweRoma hwapera. Inotongwa (284-476).
Nguva yeMonarchical uye Republic
Munguva yehumambo, Roma yaive nyika diki yaingotora chikamu chedunhu reLatium, dunhu raigara dzinza reLatin. Munguva yekutanga Republic, budiriro yeRoma yakawedzera nharaunda yayo zvakanyanya kuburikidza nehondo dzakawanda. Pashure peHondo yePyrrhic, Roma yakatanga kutonga pamusoro peItari Peninsula, kunyange zvazvo gadziriro yekudzora nharaunda dzakanga dzakundwa yakanga isati yatangwa panguva iyoyo.
Mushure mekukundwa kweItari, budiriro yeRoma yakave mutambi ane mukurumbira muMediterranean, izvo zvakazoita kuti ipesane neCarthage, nyika huru yakatangwa nevaFenikiya muNorth Africa. Munhevedzano yehondo nhatu dzePunic nyika yeCarthaginian yakakundwa zvachose uye guta pacharo rakaparadzwa. Panguva iyi, Roma yakatangawo kukura ichienda kumabvazuva, ichikunda Illyria, Girisi, uye gare gare Asia Minor, Siriya, uye Judhiya.
Humambo hweRoma
Muzana ramakore rekutanga BC, Roma yakazununguswa nehondo dzevagari vemo dzakatevedzana, izvo zvakaita kuti muhwina wekupedzisira, Octavian Augustus, ateye hwaro hwehurongwa hwehukuru uye akatanga dzinza reJulio-Claudian, iro, zvisinei, harina kugara. kwenguva refu.zana.
Nguva yehumambo hweRoma yakawira munguva yakanyarara muzana remakore rechipiri, asi kare muzana remakore rechitatu rakanga rakazara nekurwira simba uye, semugumisiro, kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwe enyika, nzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika yehurumende yakanga yakaoma. Kugadzwa kwehurongwa hwekutonga naDiocletian kwakakwanisa kudzikamisa kurongeka kwechinguva nekuisa simba mumambo nemidziyo yake yehutongi. Muzana remakore rechina mukurwiswa nevaHun, kukamukana kwoumambo hwacho kuva matunhu maviri kwakapera, uye chiKristu chakava chitendero chepamutemo cheumambo hwose.
Muzana ramakore re476th, Humambo hweWestern Roman hwakava nyaya yekugariswa patsva kwemadzinza eGerman, izvo zvakazokanganisa kubatana kwenyika. Kukundwa kweMambo weRoma yekuMadokero Romulus Augustulus nemutungamiri weGermany Odoacer musi waGunyana XNUMX, XNUMX kunoonekwa sezuva rekare rekudonha kweHumambo hweRoma.
Vatsvagiri vakasiyana-siyana vanopokana kuti budiriro yeRoma yakasikwa nevagari vayo nenzira yepakutanga, kuti yakasimuka pane yakakosha sisitimu yehukoshero yakagadziridzwa munharaunda yeRoma yeruzhinji zvine chekuita nehunhu hwekukura kwayo kwenhoroondo. Aya maitiro anosanganisira kugadzwa kwehurumende yerepublic semugumisiro wekurwisana pakati pevadzidzisi neplebeians, pamwe chete nehondo dzeRoma dzinenge dzisingaperi, dzakashandura kubva kuguta duku reItaly kuita guta guru resimba guru.
Pasi pesimba rezvinhu izvi, iyo ideology uye kukosha system yevagari veRoma yakaumbwa. Yakatemerwa, chekutanga, nekuda nyika, pfungwa yesarudzo yakakosha yevanhu veRoma uye magumo ekukunda kwavakarongerwa, nezve budiriro yeRoma seyakanyanya kukosha, nezve basa remugari wekushandira. naro nesimba rake rose.
Kuti aite izvi, mugari aifanira kuva neushingi, kutsungirira, kutendeseka, kuvimbika, chiremera, mararamiro ane mwero, kukwanisa kuteerera chirango muhondo, kupfuudza mutemo uye tsika yakatangwa nemadzitateguru munguva yerunyararo, kukudza vamwari vemhuri dzavo. , nzanga dzokumaruwa uye budiriro yeRoma pachayo. Chinhu chakasarudzika chebudiriro yeRoma yekare yaive mutemo weRoma, pfungwa yekuenzana uye kugona kudana kudare chero mumiriri wevakuru kana mukuru kunze kwamambo.
mamiriro ehurumende
Masimba emitemo munguva yekare yenhoroondo yeRoma yekare akakamurwa pakati pemamejasitiriti, seneti, uye magungano eRoma (comitia).
Mamejasitiriti vaigona kupa gwaro remutemo (rogatio) kudare reSeneti, uko rakakurukurwa. Pakutanga, Seneti yakanga ine nhengo zana, nokuti yakawanda yenhoroondo yeRiphabhliki paiva nenhengo dzinosvika mazana matatu, Sulla akawedzera nhamba yenhengo kaviri, uye nhamba yavo yakasiyana. Nzvimbo mudare reSeneti yakawanikwa mushure memvumo yevatongiwo zvavo, asi macensors aive nekodzero yekubvisa Senate nemukana wekudzinga maseneta ega ega.
Makomiti aive nekodzero yekuvhotera kana kupokana chete uye aisakwanisa kukurukura kana kugadzirisa zvawo pabhiri rainge rataurwa. Bhiri rakabvumidzwa nesarudzo rakagamuchira simba remutemo. Zvinoenderana nemitemo yemudzvanyiriri Quintus Publilius Philo mugore ra339 BC, yakatenderwa negungano rakakurumbira, mutemo unova unosunga vanhu vese.
Simba repamusoro-soro rehutongi hweRoma munguva yehumambo rakaiswa kuvatongi vepamusoro. Panguva imwecheteyo, mubvunzo wezviri mukati meiyo pfungwa yehumambo unoramba uchikakavadzana. Mamejasitiritiwo zvake aisarudzwa mumagungano eRoma.
Vadzvanyiriri vakasarudzwa panguva dzakakosha uye kwemwedzi isingapfuuri mitanhatu vaive nemasimba anoshamisa uye, kusiyana nemamejasitiritiwo zvavo, vaisazvidavirira. Kunze kwehudzvinyiriri hunoshamisa hwemudzvinyiriri, zvinzvimbo zvese muRoma zvaive zvemubatanidzwa.
Chimiro chesocial mubudiriro yeRoma
Padanho rekutanga rebudiriro, nzanga yeRoma yaive nezvikamu zviviri zvikuru: vafundisi uye maplebeians. Zvinoenderana neshanduro yakajairika yekwakabva makirasi maviri aya makuru, vafundisi vagari vemo veRoma, uye maplebeians vagari vekunze, avo, zvisinei, vaive nekodzero dzevanhu.
Vanachiremba vakabatanidzwa kutanga muzana uyezve mumazana matatu emarudzi (mhuri kana boka remhuri). Pakutanga, vanhuwo zvavo vairambidzwa kuroora vafundisi, izvo zvakaita kuti kuve kuparadzaniswa kwekirasi yevadzidzisi. Pamusoro pemakirasi maviri aya, kwaivewo nevatengi vepatrician muRoma (varanda vaive vagamuchira rusununguko rwavo uye avo mushure mekusunungurwa kwavo vakaramba vari mubasa reaimbova muridzi wavo) nevaranda.
Nekufamba kwenguva, chimiro chemagariro sese chinova chakaoma zvakanyanya. Equites yakaonekwa, vanhu vasiri nguva dzose vekuzvarwa kwakanaka, asi vaiita zvekutengeserana (vadzidzisi vezvematongerwo enyika vaiona kutengeserana sebasa risina chiremera) vaiisa pfuma yakawanda mumaoko avo. Munenge muzana ramakore rechitatu BC maPatricians akabatana nemaequites muvakuru.
Zvisinei, vakuru vakuru vakanga vasina kubatana. Maererano nepfungwa dzechiRoma, kukudzwa kwemhuri yaanobva kunoratidza kuti munhu anoremekedzwa zvakadini. Mumwe nomumwe aifanira kuenderana nekwaakabva, uye mabasa akakodzera (somuenzaniso, kutengeserana) nomunhu wedzinza rinokudzwa, uyewo vanhuwo zvavo vakanga vasvika panzvimbo yakakwirira, vaishorwa zvakaenzana.
Vagari vemo vakatangawo kukamurwa kuva vagari vemo nekuzvarwa uye vagari vakagamuchira kodzero pasi pemutemo wakati. Vanhu vemarudzi akasiyana-siyana (kunyanya maGiriki) vakanga vasina kodzero dzezvematongerwe enyika, asi vakaita basa rinokosha muupenyu hwevanhu, vakatangawo kudirana kuRoma. Vakasunungurwa vakaoneka, ndiko kuti, varanda vakanga vapiwa rusununguko.
muchato nemhuri
Mumazuva ekutanga ebudiriro yeRoma, zvairangarirwa sekuti chinangwa nechinhu chikuru chehupenyu hwemugari chaive chekuva neimba yake nevana, nepo hukama hwemhuri hwakanga husiri pasi pemutemo, asi hwaidzorwa nemutemo. Musoro wemhuri ainzi “Pater Familias” uye aidzora vana, mudzimai, nedzimwe hama (mumhuri dzeboka repamusoro, mhuri yacho yaisanganisirawo varanda nevashandi).
Simba rababa nderekuti vaigona kupa mwanasikana wavo muwanano kana kurambana pamadiro, vatengese vana vavo senhapwa, vaigonawo kuziva kana kusaziva mwanakomana wavo. Chiremera chevabereki chakawedzerwawo kuvana vakura nemhuri dzavo: nerufu rwababa vavo chete vana vakave vagari vemo vakazara uye misoro yemhuri.
Mukadzi uyu aive pasi pemurume nekuti, maererano naTeodoro Mommsen, "aive wemhuri chete uye aive asiri wenharaunda." Mumhuri dzakapfuma, mukadzi akapiwa chigaro chinokudzwa, aiita basa rokutarisira upfumi. Kusiyana nevakadzi vechiGiriki, vakadzi veRoma vaigona kuonekwa vakasununguka munzanga uye, pasinei nokuti baba vaiva nesimba guru mumhuri, vaidzivirirwa pahudzvinyiriri hwavo. Nheyo yekutanga yekuvakwa kwenharaunda yeRoma kuvimba nesero rekutanga renzanga: mhuri.
Kusvikira pakupera kweRepublic, pakanga pane rudzi rwemuchato cum manu, "noruoko", ndiko kuti, mwanasikana, paakaroorwa, akapinda musimba remusoro wemhuri yemurume. Gare gare, rudzi urwu rwewanano rwakarega kushandiswa uye sine manu, michato “isina maoko” yakatanga kurongwa, umo mudzimai akanga asiri pasi poudzori hwomurume wake ndokuramba ari pasi poudzori hwababa vake kana kuti muchengeti.
Mubudiriro yeRoma, mutemo waigovera zvimiro zviviri zveroorano: Muchimiro chokutanga, mukadzi akabva pachiremera chababa vake kuenda kuchiremera chomurume wake, ndiko kuti, iye akagamuchirwa mumhuri yomurume wake.
Mune imwewo nzira yeroorano, mukadzi akaramba ari nhengo yezita rekare, achitora nhaka yemhuri. Iyi nyaya yakanga isiri iyo yainyanyozivikanwa uye yakanga yakafanana nomurongo kupfuura roorano, sezvo mudzimai aigona kusiya murume wake ndokudzokera kumba chero nguva ipi neipi.
dzidzo
Vakomana nevasikana vakatanga kudzidziswa vaine makore manomwe. Vabereki vakapfuma vaifarira dzidzo yepamba. Varombo vaishandisa mabasa ezvikoro. Panguva imwecheteyo, prototype yedzidzo yemazuva ano yakaberekwa: vana vakapfuura nematanho matatu edzidzo: yepuraimari, yechipiri uye yakakwirira. Vakuru vemhuri, avo vaiitira hanya zvikuru dzidzo yavana vavo, vakaedza kuhaya vadzidzisi vechiGiriki nokuda kwavana vavo kana kuti kuwana muranda wechiGiriki kuti avadzidzise. Kusava nematuro kwevabereki kwakaita kuti vatumire vana vavo kuGreece kuti vawane dzidzo yepamusorosoro.
Mumatanho ekutanga edzidzo, vana vainyanya kudzidziswa kunyora nekuverenga, vaipihwa ruzivo nezvenhoroondo, mutemo uye zvinyorwa. Muchikoro chesekondari akadzidzira kutaura paruzhinji. Munguva yezvidzidzo zvinoshanda, vadzidzi vakaita zviitwa zvaisanganisira kupa hurukuro pane imwe nyaya yenhoroondo, ngano, mabhuku kana hupenyu hweveruzhinji. Kunze kweItaly, vakawana dzidzo zvikurukuru muAthens, pachitsuwa cheRhodes, kwavakavandudzawo dzidziso dzavo.
VaRoma vainetsekawo kuti vakadzi vadzidziswe maererano nebasa ravo mumhuri: varongi vehupenyu hwemhuri uye vadzidzisi vevana vachiri vaduku. Kwaive nezvikoro kwaidzidza vasikana nevakomana. Uye zvainzi zvinokudzwa kana vakataura nezvemusikana wechidiki kuti aive musikana akadzidza.
Mubudiriro yeRoma, kutanga kwezana ramakore rekutanga AD, vakatanga kudzidzisa varanda, sevaranda uye vakasunungurwa vakatanga kuita basa rinowedzera kuoneka muhupfumi hwenyika. Varanda vakava vatariri vezvivakwa uye vakaita zvekutengeserana, zvinzvimbo zvevatariri pamusoro pevamwe varanda. Varanda vakanyora vakakwezvwa nemidziyo yehurumende, varanda vazhinji vaive vadzidzisi uye kunyange vagadziri vezvivakwa.
Muranda akadzidza aikosha kupfuura munhu asingagoni kuverenga nokuti aigona kushandiswa kuita mamwe mabasa. Varanda vakadzidza vainzi ndiwo wainyanya kukosha wemupfumi weRoma. Vaimbova varanda, vakasunungurwa, zvishoma nezvishoma vakatanga kuumba boka rinokosha muRoma. Vakaedza kutora nzvimbo yemushandi, maneja mumidziyo yehurumende, kuita mabasa ekutengeserana, mukubhadhara.
Kunaka kwavo pamusoro pevaRoma kwakavamba kuoneka, uko kwaiva kwokuti vakanga vasingazezi basa, vaizviona sevasina maturo, uye vakaratidza kutsungirira mukurwira nzvimbo yavo munzanga. Pakupedzisira vakakwanisa kuwana kuenzana kwepamutemo.
Mauto
Hondo yeRoma yakanga iri imwe yezvinhu zvikuru zvehurumende yeRoma uye nyika. Hondo yeRoma kwenguva inenge nguva yose yokuvapo kwayo yaiva, sezvakaratidzwa netsika, ndiyo yakanga yakasimukira zvikuru pakati pedzimwe nyika dzeNyika Yekare, yakapfuura kubva mumauto akakurumbira kuenda kunyanzvi dzenguva dzose dzokurwa nevatasvi vemabhiza nemapoka akawanda ebetsero uye anobatanidzwa. maformations.
Panguva imwecheteyo, hondo huru yehondo yakagara iri yevacheche. Munguva yePunic Wars, chaizvoizvo, Marine Corps akaonekwa uye akazvibata zvakakwana. Mabhenefiti makuru euto reRoma aive kufamba, kuchinjika uye kudzidziswa kwehunyanzvi, izvo zvakaibvumira kushanda munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana uye mumamiriro ekunze asina kunaka.
Octavian Augustus akanga aderedza mauto kuita mauto makumi maviri nemasere muna 14 AD. C. Munguva yekukura kweRoma yekare, huwandu hwemauto hwaiwanzosvika 100 zviuru zvevanhu, asi hwaigona kuwedzera kusvika ku250 kana 300 zviuru zvevanhu uye kupfuura.
Mushure mekuvandudzwa kwaDiocletian naConstantine, nhamba yeuto reRoma yakasvika 600-650 zviuru zvevanhu, avo 200 zviuru vaiva mauto anofambisa uye vamwe vose vaiva mauto. Maererano nedzimwe nhoroondo, muzera raHonorius, muripo wemauto emativi ose ari maviri eUmambo hweRoma waibva pamazana mapfumbamwe kusvika kumirioni yevarwi (kunyange zvazvo chaizvoizvo uto racho rakanga riri duku).
Kuumbwa kwemadzinza euto reRoma kwakachinja nekufamba kwenguva: muzana ramakore rekutanga rainyanya mauto evaRoma, pakupera kwekutanga uye kutanga kwezana ramakore rechipiri raive mauto eIts, asi pakupera XNUMXnd uye kutanga kwezana ramakore reXNUMX yakashandurwa muuto revaRomanized barbarians, vachisara vechiRoma muzita chete.
Hondo yeRoma yakanga ine zvombo zvakanakisa zvenguva yaro, vashandi vane ruzivo uye vakanyatsodzidziswa, vachisiyaniswa nekuranga kwakakasharara uye nehunyanzvi hwepamusoro hwemauto evatungamiriri vaishandisa nzira dzepamusoro dzehondo, kuwana kukunda kwakakwana kwemuvengi.
Bazi guru remauto rakanga riri varwi vanofamba netsoka. Mauto emugungwa akatsigira zvaiitwa nemauto epasi munzvimbo dziri mumhenderekedzo yegungwa uye kutakurwa kwemauto kuenda kunharaunda yevavengi negungwa. Injiniya yemauto, kurongeka kwemisasa, kugona kukurumidza kushandura madaro marefu, hunyanzvi hwekukomba uye nhare yekudzivirira yakagamuchira kukura kwakakosha.
Ancient roman civilization tsika
Zvematongerwo enyika, hondo, zvekurima, kusimudzirwa kwemutemo (wehurumende uye unoyera) uye nhoroondo yezvakaitika kare zvakaonekwa semabasa akakodzera muRoma, kunyanya vakuru. Pahwaro uhwu, tsika dzepakutanga dzeRoma dzakatanga.
Pesvedzero dzokumwe, zvikurukuru chiGiriki, idzo dzakapinda nomumaguta echiGiriki okumaodzanyemba kweItaly yazvino uno, uye ipapo zvakananga kubva kuGreece neAsia Minor, dzakabvumirwa bedzi kusvikira kutambanuko yokuti hadzina kupokanidza gadziriro youkoshi hweRoma kana kuti kupfuurira mukuwirirana negadziriro youkoshi yeRoma. .pamwe ne. Zvakare, tsika dzechiRoma pakureba kwayo dzakava netapuro huru kuvanhu vakavakidzana uye pakukura kwakatevera kweEurope.
Maonero enyika eRoma epakutanga aizivikanwa nokunzwa kwokuva mugari akasununguka ane pfungwa yokuva weboka revanhu uye kukosha kwezvido zvehurumende pane zvomunhu oga, zvakabatanidzwa ne<em>conservatism, iyo yaisanganisira kutevera tsika dzemadzitateguru. Muzana ramakore rechipiri nerekutanga Kristu asati avapo pakava nokutsauka kubva pamafungiro aya uye kuzvidavirira kwakawedzera, hunhu hwakatanga kupikisa hurumende, kunyange dzimwe tsika dzechivanhu dzakadzokororwa.
Somugumisiro, munguva yemadzimambo, nzira itsva yekutonga nzanga yeRoma yakatangwa: panofanira kuva ne "chingwa uye circus" yakawanda uye kumwe kuderera kwetsika pakati pevazhinji vevagari vemo, izvo zvakagara zvichionekwa. vatongi vanodzvinyirira.nemwero wakati wenyasha.
Mutauro
Mutauro wechiLatin, uyo kutaridzika kunonzi pakati pemireniyamu yechitatu Kristu asati auya, aive chikamu cheboka reItalic remhuri yemutauro weIndo-European. Mukuita kwekuvandudzwa kwenhoroondo yeItari yekare, chiLatin chakatsiva mimwe mitauro yeItalic uye, nekufamba kwenguva, yakatora chinzvimbo chepamusoro kumadokero kweMediterranean. Kune matanho akati wandei mukuvandudzwa kweLatin: Archaic Latin, Classical Latin, Postclassical Latin, uye Late Latin.
Pakuvamba kwemireniyumu yokutanga BC, chiLatin chaitaurwa nevagari venharaunda duku yeLatium, iri kumadokero kwechikamu chepakati cheApennine peninsula, pamwe nechepazasi peTiber. Dzinza raigara muLatium rainzi vaLatin, uye mutauro wavo waive wechiLatin. Pakati penzvimbo iyi paive neguta reRoma, mushure maizvozvo marudzi akatsveyama akabatana akaipoteredza akatanga kuzvidaidza kuti vaRoma.
Chitendero
Ngano dzeRoma dzekare mumativi akawanda dziri pedyo nechiGiriki, kusvikira pakukwereta kwakananga kwengano dzomunhu oga. Zvisinei, mumuitiro wechitendero chevaRoma, kutenda mashura kweanimist kwakabatana nechitendero chemidzimu kwakaitawo basa rinokosha: jinn, penate, lares uye lemurs. Uyewo muRoma yekare, makanga mune makoreji akawanda evaprista.
Kunyangwe chinamato chakaita basa rakakosha mumagariro echinyakare cheRoma, nezana ramakore rechipiri BC chikamu chakakosha chevakuru veRoma chaive chatove nehanya nechitendero. Muzana ramakore rekutanga BC vazivi veRoma (kunyanya Titus Lucretius Carus naCicero) vakagadziridza zvakanyanya kana kupokana zvakawanda zvezvinzvimbo zvechitendero zvechinyakare. Pakuvamba kwezana remakore rokutanga Octavian Augustus akatora matanho okutanga kapoka kehurumende keumambo hwacho.
Pakupera kwezana ramakore rekutanga, chiKristu chakamuka mumaguta ehumambo hwechiJudha, uyezve vamiriri vemamwe marudzi ehumambo vakabatana. Pakutanga zvakangomutsa kufungirana uye ruvengo kubva kune masimba ehumambo, pakati pezana ramakore re313 yakarambidzwa uye yakatanga kushungurudzwa kwemaKristu muhushe hweRoma. Zvisinei, pakuvamba somuna XNUMX, Mambo Constantine akabudisa Murayiro weMilan, uchibvumira vaKristu kutaura norusununguko rudzidziso rwavo, kuvaka tembere, uye kuva nezvinzvimbo zvavose.
ChiKristu zvishoma nezvishoma chakava chitendero chehurumende. Muchikamu chechipiri chezana remakore rechina kuparadzwa kwetemberi dzechihedheni kwakatanga, Mitambo yeOlympic yakarambidzwa.
Ciencia
Sainzi yeRoma yakagara nhaka chiverengero chezvidzidzo zvechiGiriki, asi kusiyana nadzo (kunyanya mundima yemasvomhu nemakanika), yainyanya kushandiswa mumasikirwo. Nokuda kweichi chikonzero, dzakanga dziri nhamba dzeRoma nekarenda yaJulius zvakagamuchirwa munyika yose. Panguva imwecheteyo, hunhu hwayo hwaive kuratidzwa kwemisoro yesainzi nenzira yekunyora uye yekutamba.
Jurisprudence uye sainzi yezvekurima yakasvika pakukura kwakakosha, nhamba huru yemabasa yakatsaurirwa kukuvaka uye kuronga kwemadhorobha uye tekinoroji yemauto. Vamiririri vakuru vesayenzi yezvakasikwa vaiva encyclopedic masayendisiti Pliny Mukuru, Marco Terencio Varrón uye Seneca. Uzivi hweRoma hwekare hwakatanga kunyanya kubva muchiGiriki, iyo yainyanya kubatanidzwa nayo. ChiStoicism ndicho chakanyanya kupararira muuzivi.
Sayenzi yeRoma yakawana kubudirira kunoshamisa mune zvokurapa. Pakati pevanachiremba vakatanhamara veRoma Yekare, tinogona kusimbisa: Dioscorides, chiremba wemishonga uye mumwe wevatangi vebotany, Soranus weEfeso, chiremba wezvekuzvara uye wevana, Galen wePergamon, nyanzvi yeanatomist yakawana mashandiro etsinga neuropi. .Mabhuku eencyclopedic akanyorwa munguva dzeRoma akaramba ari manyuko anokosha ezivo yesayenzi kwevakawanda veMiddle Ages.
Nhaka yebudiriro yeRoma
Tsika dzechiRoma, nemazano ayo akagadziridzwa pamusoro pekureruka kwezvinhu uye zviito, nezve basa remunhu kwaari uye nyika, nezvekukosha kwemutemo uye kururamisira muhupenyu hwevanhu, yakashandisa tsika yechiGiriki chekare nechishuwo chekunzwisisa. nyika, pfungwa yakasimukira yechiyero, runako, kuwirirana, chinhu chinodudzwa chekutamba. Tsika dzechinyakare, sekubatanidzwa kwetsika mbiri idzi, dzakava hwaro hwebudiriro yeEurope.
Nhaka yetsika yeRoma yekare inogona kunzwisiswa muchirevo chezwi rinoshandiswa musainzi, zvivakwa uye zvinyorwa. Kwemazana emakore akawanda, chiLatin chaive mutauro wekukurukurirana waishandiswa pasi rose nevanhu vakadzidza muEurope. Ichiri kushandiswa mumashoko esainzi. Pahwaro hwemutauro wechiLatin muzvinhu zvekare zveRoma, mitauro yeRomance yakasimuka, inotaurwa nevanhu vazhinji veEurope.
Pakati pebudiriro dzakatanhamara dzebudiriro yeRoma mutemo weRoma, uyo wakaita basa rinokosha zvikuru mukukudziridzwa kwakatevera kwomufungo wemitemo. Makanga muri munzvimbo dzeRoma umo chiKristu chakamuka uye gare gare chakava chitendero chehurumende, chitendero chakabatanidza vanhu vose vomuEurope uye chakapesvedzera zvikuru nhoroondo yavanhu.
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