Bhatiri riri mumotokari yemagetsi ndiro chinhu chinonyanya kukosha mumotokari, pamwe chete nerinonyanya kudhura uye rakaomarara maererano nekushanda kwayo. Mumakore apfuura, matekinoroji akasiyana-siyana akagadzirwa ekugadzira mabhatiri emotokari yemagetsi, uye kunyange zvazvo mamwe achiita seakareruka, basa riri kuenderera mberi pane mamwe ekuvandudza zvinhu zvakakosha zvakaita sehupenyu hwebhatiri, simba, uye kugara kwenguva refu kwezvinhu. Kutaura zvazviri, kugadzirisa nyaya yekuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvakagadziriswa uye kuraswa kwayo chinhu chakakosha pakuzadzisa chinangwa chekufamba kwenguva refu.
Bhatiri remotokari yemagetsi rinoshanda sei?
Mukati memabhatiri, magetsi anogadzirwa kuburikidza nemaitiro emakemikari umo, mukati menzvimbo ye electrolyte yemvura, kuyerera kwemaerekitironi kunogadzirwa pakati pematanda maviri, anode ne cathode. Maitiro aya anoitika musero rega rega , iyo unit yekutanga yebhatiri, iyo pamwe chete nemamwe masero inoumba module. Kubatanidza mamodule akati wandei kunoguma nemhando dzakasiyana dzemabhatiri dzinosiyana muhukuru, amperage, uye voltage—mayuniti matatu ekuyera anotariswa pakuongorora mashandiro ese ebhatiri.
- simba: huwandu hwesimba iro bhatiri rinogona kutumira kana kuchengeta muawa imwe chete, rinoratidzwa mu kWh.
- amperage: Huwandu hwesimba, mune amps, inogona kufambiswa mune imwe sekondi.
- voltage: simba iro huwandu hwesimba hunoenderana ne1 Ampere hunofambiswa; Iyo inoratidzirwa mumavolts uye saka inoyera kukurumidza kwekutapurirana.
Saka tinogona kusiyanisa marudzi akasiyana-siyana emabhatiri zvichienderana nemakemikari avo, kunyanya masimbi ayo anode uye cathode anogadzirwa nawo.
Ndeapi marudzi emabhatiri emotokari yemagetsi?
Kusvika pari zvino, bhatiri remotokari remagetsi rinoshandiswa zvakanyanya ibheteri re lithium-ion , rine huwandu hwakawanda hwe lithium mu cathode ne graphite mu anode. Kunyangwe parizvino rakashongedzerwa ne liquid electrolyte, mabhatiri e lithium-ion ndiwo hwaro hwekutsvaga mabhatiri e solid-state . Kushandiswa kwawo kwakapararira kunokonzerwa nekushanda kwakanaka kwaanoita: huwandu hwakawanda hwesimba, kuchaja nekukurumidza, dhizaini yakareruka, uye hupenyu hwepakati nepakati. Zvisinei, kune mamwe marudzi:
- lead mabhatiri: Aishandiswa zvakanyanya kare, mabhatiri aya ane anode inotungamira uye cathode zvakare yakavharwa nelead dioxide. Parizvino ivo havawanzo shandiswa, mumotokari diki uye dzakachipa nekuti, kunyangwe vaine hupenyu hurefu hunobatsira uye mutengo wakaderera, vane yakakura kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza uye nguva refu yekuchaja nguva;
- Nickel-metal hydride mabhatiri: yakagadzirwa nesimbi alloy anode uye cathode ine nickel yakawanda, rudzi urwu rwebheteri rwakanga ruchishandiswa zvishoma mumotokari yemotokari, kunyanya neToyota, iyo yakagara ichishandisa iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa yemagetsi emagetsi, iyo Prius. Mabhatiri ane simba rakanyanya density uye kuchaja uye kubuda nekukurumidza, akareruka uye ane yakaderera nharaunda kukanganisa, asi anorasikirwa nekushanda nekukurumidza;
- Lithium Iron Phosphate Mabhatiri: akasiyana e lithium-ion mabhatiri ane akasiyana cathode zvinhu. Vane mabhenefiti akati wandei: haadi kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvisingawanzo uye zvinodhura senge cobalt, zvakachengeteka, zvinopesana nekupisa kwakanyanya, uye kusimba. Izvo zvisinganyanyi kushandiswa zvakanyanya nekuti zvine simba shoma density, kunyangwe musika wavo wave kukura munguva pfupi yapfuura, kunyanya muChina.
bhatiri rinovimbisa
Kune mamwe mabhatiri ane tekinoroji inoita seinovimbisa uye anogona kuwanikwa munguva pfupi iri kutevera nevagadziri vemotokari. Aya anosanganisira mabhatiri e-lithium-metal , anewo lithium muanode, zvichiwedzera simba rawo; mabhatiri e -lithium-sulfur , akagadzirwa nezvinhu zvakadzokororwa uye nekudaro anogara kwenguva refu uye asingadhuri; uye pakupedzisira, mabhatiri e-sodium-ion , ayo anotodhura zvishoma nekuti akagadzirwa nezvinhu zvakajairika, zvakaita sesodium, uye anogona kuvimbisa hupenyu hurefu uye kuramba kwakanyanya kupisa kwakaderera.
Nguva uye kuderera kwekuita kwemabhatiri emotokari yemagetsi pasina mubvunzo zvinhu zvakakosha zvekufunga nezvazvo paunenge uchiongorora kutengwa kwemotokari idzi.
Bhatiri remotokari yemagetsi rinogara kwenguva yakareba sei?
Nguva yehupenyu hwemabhatiri emota dzemagetsi inoenderana nekushanda kwawo, uko kunodzikira nekufamba kwenguva nekuda kwematanho ekuchaja, kunyanya ayo anokurumidza kana ane simba guru, uye madanho ekuburitsa. Zvisinei, mubhatiri remota dzemagetsi, simba rinoshandiswa harimbofi rakanyanya kukwanisika; rinogara richigadziriswa kusvika padanho rakaderera. Izvi zvinoratidza musiyano, we5% kusvika 12-15%, pakati pesimba repamusoro uye simba rinoshanda . Kupera kwemabhatiri kunokanganisa anode necathode coatings, izvo zvinoderedzawo kugona kwavo kuchengetedza nekufamba kwenguva. Zvisinei, kudzikira uku kwesimba hakukanganisi mashandiro, akadai sesimba, iro rinoramba riripo nekufamba kwenguva.
Vagadziri vanofungidzira avhareji yenzvimbo inogona kupihwa nebhatiri kana yachajwa zvizere, nokudaro vachiwana huwandu hwese hwekuchajwa uye hwekuburitswa kwemotokari. Kupfuura nhamba iyi inofungidzirwa, mashandiro anotanga kudzikira zvakanyanya, uye muganho unowanzoiswa pakati pe70% ne80% yesimba rekutanga rinoshanda.
Saka, vagadziri vanowanzo vimbisa bhatiri remotokari yemagetsi kuti richagara kwenguva yakareba kwemakore masere kana makiromita zviuru zana nemakumi matanhatu ; mamwe anotosvika zviuru mazana maviri nemakumi mana. Bhatiri risingachakwanisi kushandiswa pamotokari rinogona kushandiswa semuunganidzi wemagetsi usingachinjiki uye masisitimu akafanana.
Chivimbiso chakasiyana chebhatiri remotokari yemagetsi
Nezve garandi yebhatiri yemota yemagetsi, zvakakosha kuziva kuti yakasiyana negarandi yemota. Kutaura zvazviri, bhatiri rega rinomiririra chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chemutengo wemota yese.
Mumwe nemumwe mugadziri anovimbisa kuti mukati menguva yakatarwa kana mileage, i.e., angangoita makore masere kana 8 makiromita, huwandu hwebhatiri hauzodonha pasi pechikumbaridzo che160.000-70% yesimba rinoshanda. Pasi pewaranti, bhatiri remotokari yemagetsi rinogona kugadziriswa kana kuchinjwa zvachose nekuda kwekugadzirwa kana kukanganisa kwekugadzira.
Pane chero mamiriro ezvinhu anoita kuti waranti ipere nguva isati yapera?
Sekureva kweADAC, kirabhu hombe yemotokari muEurope, izvi zvinogona kuva:
- kubuda kwebhatiri kwakadzika. Vazhinji vagadziri vemotokari vanopa zano pamusoro pekumhanya yakaoma, sezvo isina hutano kune bhatiri, uye inoisanganisira iyo mune waranti yekusabatanidzwa mamiriro;
- Kubuda kwakadzika nekuda kwekusaita mota. Kunyanya pakutenga motokari dzemagetsi dzakashandiswa, zvinokurudzirwa kutarisa SOH (State Of Health) kukosha kwebheteri;
- Kuiswa kwezvishandiso kana zvimwe zvinozogadziriswa kune kunyoreswa kwemotokari (semu trailer hitch isina kupihwa pakutanga);
- Yakapotswa magadzirirwo esoftware. Masero ose anoumba bhatiri pack anofanira kutungamirirwa nemagetsi emagetsi - Battery Management System - iyo inokosha pakuchengetedzwa kwemotokari;
- urongwa yemagetsi ekugadzirisa mota isina kuitwa nemazvo kana kwete pane yepamutemo network.
Imwe nyaya yemusoro yekufamba kwemagetsi ndeyekurasa uye kudzokororwa kwemabhatiri, umo basa rinoitwa kubva kune mbishi zvinhu zvinoshandiswa.
Dambudziko rekuEurope rekubvisa mabhatiri emotokari yemagetsi
Kuraswa kwebhatiri remotokari yemagetsi kunofanirwa kuitwa mumafekitori akagadzirirwa kugadzirisa zvikamu zvaro . Nzvimbo idzi dzekuputsa nekushandisa mabhatiri e-lithium-ion dziri mune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope, kunyanya Germany, France, Belgium, neSpain, uye mitengo yacho yakakwira zvikuru.
Uyezve, sekureva kweBBC, kugadzirwa kwemabhatiri kuri kuwedzera neavhareji ye25% gore rega rega , uye mumakore gumi kusvika gumi nemashanu huwandu hwezvinhu zvinoraswa njodzi dzinova dambudziko guru kana mapurojekiti ekushandisazve mabhatiri pachawo akasaitwa.
Danho rakatorwa muna Zvita 2022, apo European Council neParamende yeEurope vakaisa mitemo yekuti , vachimirira kuumbwa kwedare remitemo, vatonge kutenderera kwese kwemabhatiri , kubva pakugadzirwa kusvika pakurasa, kuve nechokwadi chekuti akachengeteka, anogara kwenguva refu uye ane mwero wakakwirira nguva dzose.
Chibvumirano chenguva pfupi chichashanda kumarudzi ese emabhatiri, uye, maererano neaya anoshandiswa mukutakura, vagadziri vachafanirwa kudzosa kanenge 51% yemarara ekugadzira . Mazinga mashoma anodiwa ezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana atovepo kuti chibvumirano chitange kushanda: 16% ye cobalt; 85% ye lead; 6% ye lithium; uye 6% ye nickel.
Nekudaro, kurasa chete hakuna kukwana, dambudziko chairo reEurope ndere kushandiswa kwebhatiri remotokari yemagetsi uye mapurojekiti ekudzokorodza.
Zvakanakira kudzokorodza mabhatiri emagetsi
Imwe nzira yekubvisa marara ndeyekushandisa mabhatiri emotokari dzemagetsi kuti adzokorore kushandiswa, izvo zvinoita kuti zviwanikwa zviwanikwe zvakanaka uye zvinokurudzira nzira inogara kwenguva refu . Zvakanakira kushandisa mabhatiri e lithium, kunyanya, zvinosanganisira:
- kudzivirira kutorwa kutsva uye kugadzirisa (kubvisa tani ye lithium, mamwe matani 1.900 emvura anodiwa);
- kuderedza kudiwa kwezvinhu zvakasvibiswa, izvo zvinokonzera kubudiswa kwe CO2 itsva;
- chengetedza zviwanikwa mumasimbi ekutanga nemafuta ezvicherwa, nekushandisa simba kushoma.
Uyezve, mabhatiri akashandiswa achiri neanosvika 75% simba rasara , iro risingachakwani kupa simba mota yemagetsi, asi rinogona kushandiswa kune zvimwe zvinangwa. Semuenzaniso, anogona kushandurwa kuita masisitimu ekuchengetera mafekitori emagetsi, kana kugadzira nzvimbo yekuchengetera mafekitori, senge magetsi.
Mabhatiri anogona kuva nehupenyu hunopfuura humwe
Pfungwa yebhatiri rehupenyu hwechipiri , "kupa hupenyu hwechipiri" kubhatiri, inogona kushandiswa muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira mapurojekiti matsva: muJapan , semuenzaniso, maelevator emagetsi ekare, nzvimbo inobatsira zvikuru yekuchengetedza simba kana magetsi akadzimwa, sezvakaratidzwa nekushanda pamwe chete pakati pemugadziri wemotokari Nissan nekambani yezvivakwa yeHitachi.
Europe yakazvipira zvakare kudzokorodza bhatiri nechirongwa cheAcrobat, chine chinangwa chekudzoreredza zvinopfuura makumi mapfumbamwe muzana zvezvinhu zvakakosha (kunyanya lithium, phosphorus, uye graphite) zviri mumabhatiri e-lithium-iron-phosphate kuburikidza nekutora kutsva, nemari irimo uye kuderedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza.
Icho zvakare chikamu chechirongwa ichi, uye chinomiririrwa neEnea, National Agency yeNew Technologies, Energy uye Sustainable Economic Development. "Isu paEnea - anotsanangura muongorori Federica Forte, mutungamiriri wepurojekiti ye 'Agency - achaita, kunyanya, nemaitiro ekubvisa uye kudzoreredzwa kwezvinhu zve electrolytic, senge conductive munyu uye organic solvents".