Chii chinonzi Baroque Architecture?
Iwe unofanirwa kuziva mune yekutanga chiitiko kuti Baroque Architecture isangano rehunyanzvi rakatangira kugore ra1605 rine mabviro aro muguta reRome uye rakapararira muEuropean neAmerica kondinendi kusvika muzana ramakore regumi nesere.
Iri izwi rekuti baroque rine mabviro aro muzwi rechiPutukezi rekuti barocco iro rinoenderana neparera risingaenzaniswi uye raishandiswa senzira inogumbura kudoma chimiro chemusambo uyu chisina kurongeka paishandiswa nziyo apo dingindira guru raive mapoinzi, ellipses, macurves nemaspirals.
Kunyangwe mune iyi Baroque Architecture, mifananidzo yepolycentric inoratidzwa apo akasiyana motifs akaratidzirwa anotarisana, saka chirango chekuvaka chinowedzerwa nehumwe hunyanzvi hwakadai sekupenda, stucco basa uye chivezwa.
Pamusoro pezvo, sangano iri mune dzimwe nyika dzinoumba kondinendi yeEurope, dzakaita seEngland, France neNorthern Europe, rakanga richishanda nesangano rehunyanzvi rinozivikanwa sebaroque classicism.
Kuve zana ramakore regumi nemasere murudzi rweFrance uko Baroque Architecture yakagadziridzwa nekuda kwekuwanda kwayo mukushongedza kwekushongedza inozivikanwa seRococo inopesvedzera nyika dzakasiyana dzeEurope.
Iwe unofanirwa kuziva kuti Baroque Architecture inotanga kutenda kune iyo Late Renaissance Kubva muzana remakore rechi16, mumwe wevanyori vakuru venguva ino akafanotaura kufamba kweBaroque kuburikidza nedome yeSt. Peter's Basilica muRome naMichelangelo.
Chimwe chivakwa chinomira pachena ndeye masitepisi anopa mukana kuLaurentian Raibhurari muguta rimwe chetero reRoma, rakagadzirwa nemunyori wekare, anove anotungamira eBaroque architecture.
Ichi chimiro chitsva chakakwira kubva kuguta reRome kuenda kune dzimwe nyika dzeEuropean kondinendi kubva pagore 1630 kusvika 1670 uye kusvika kuzana ramakore regumi nemasere pakagadzirwa chimiro chitsva cheunyanzvi chinonzi rococo, chinogona kutsanangurwa sechikamu chekupedzisira cheBaroque architecture. .
Zvikoro zveBaroque Architecture
Rangarira kuti chimiro ichi cheBaroque architecture chakashorwa nenhoroondo yemazuva ano nekuti iyi hunyanzvi hwekuita yainzi anti-classical, yakafanana neGothic, asi muzana ramakore rechi20, maavant-garde maartist mazhinji akafunga nezvemhando iyi yezvivakwa.
Isu takatokuudza kuti izwi rekuti Baroque rine chekuita nekusagadzikana, izvo zvinoreva kuti rudzi urwu rwechimiro haruwirirane uye raishandiswa zvakanyanya munyika umo simba rakakwana rehumambo raivepo.
Uko nzanga inokamuraniswa uye Hurumende ndiyo inopindira muzviito zvinofanira kuteverwa uye rutivi rworudzidziso rutivi rwounyanzvi uhwu, sezvo rudzidziso rwakakamurwa kuva vaPurotesitendi navaKaturike, naizvozvo mumwe nomumwe achaita kuvaka mukuwirirana nefariro yavo.
Kune izvo zvinowanikwa muBaroque Architecture marudzi akasiyana ezvikoro anoratidza kusiyana kwawo kukuru muhunyanzvi hwekuita izvi zvinotevera:
Absolutist Baroque Architecture
Izvo zvakajairika murudzi rweFrance kuburikidza nekutonga kwaLouis XIII, XIV uye XV nekuda kwekukura kwehupfumi munguva iyoyo yenguva.
Chechi yeKaturike iri pedyo neHurumende, naizvozvo inoratidza simba rayo guru kupfurikidza nokuvakwa kweBaroque Architecture uko yakaratidza kunaka kwayo.
bourgeois baroque
Rudzi urwu rweBaroque Architecture runokunda munyika dzechiPurotesitendi kunyanya murudzi rwechiDutch nokuda kwekumuka kukuru mukumukira kweBourgeois nekuda kwemufananidzo unoratidzwa boka rekupenda uye uku kwaive kufambira mberi kukuru munharaunda.
Nekuda kwekukura kwehupfumi hwenyika iyi yaive yakazvimiririra, vakaita zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuvaka zvine chekuita neBaroque Architecture.
Catholic Baroque Architecture
Kuburikidza nekuvakwa kweBaroque Architecture, inopa kukunda kweChechi yeKatorike pamusoro peChechi yePurotesitendi uye kuratidza simba rayo, inoshandisa humbozha nehupfumi hwainahwo kugadzira matembere makuru echitendero.
Inoratidza simba reChechi yeKatorike uye inovaka zvivakwa zvitsva zvekusvika kukuru kune vatendi, inogadzirwa muItari, munyika yeSpain uye kumaodzanyemba kweGermany.
Zvitaera zvekufamba uku kwehunyanzvi
Saizvozvowo, mamwe marudzi emasitaera eChikoro cheBaroque Architecture anogona kudanwa zvinoenderana nenguva yenhoroondo yakamuka, senge inotevera:
Solomon Baroque Architecture
Yakadanwa kudaro nekuti inopa kureruka kukuru kukuvaka kuburikidza nemakoramu makuru Iyo inozivikanwa zvakare nezwi rekuti helical; muenzaniso wavo muNyika Itsva ndiyo Cathedral yeZacatecas neSan Luis.
Estipite Baroque Style
Pano ma vertices epamusoro anovakwa muBaroque Architecture nenzira yakatenderedzwa achishandisa zvinhu zvina kuva hwaro, cube, stipe uye capital.
The high vertex pyramid is used but in inverted way.Kuwedzera, chivakwa chinoshandiswa mutemberi dzechitendero pauriri ndiwo muchinjikwa wechiLatin.
Purist Baroque Model
Akashandisa zvinhu zvechinyakare zvivakwa pamwe nemacurves nezvimwe zvinhu zvakaita sePlateresque muzvivakwa.
Mumuenzaniso uyu, ndivo vaitungamirira kukanganisa zvinhu zvechipiri zvakadai se pediments, entablatures uye finials. Yakashandiswa muhafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechiXNUMX.
Talaveresque Baroque
Inoshandisa zvinhu zvakadai sematairi uye ivhu kuwedzera kune girazi mumabasa ayo ekugadzira kuvhara madomes uye facades ane mavara akazobvumira mabasa emifananidzo kuti awedzere kumadziro uye matenga etemberi dzechitendero.
Iyo Stucco Style
Iyi inomiririra yeBaroque Architecture yakanyanya kushongedza uye inodzidzisa sezvo ichidzidza kugadzira zvinyorwa zvitsva zvekushongedza zvivakwa kuburikidza nekuyedza.
Kushandiswa kwekuvaka kushomeka, kwakashandiswa nekuwedzera kukuru pakati pezana ramakore rechi XNUMX nerechi XNUMX, kunyanya mukugadzira plasterwork pakati pemataundi ePuebla neOaxaca.
Baroque yeMexico
Nenzira iyi, iyo cube geometric figure inoshandiswa, inowanzo shandiswa nenzira inotangira uye inoita kuti aritari ikweve kutarisa kwemuoni maererano nezvivako, izvo zvakakura, zvakadzikama uye kufamba hazvitauri zvakanyanya.
Vadivelu Comedy Mobile Groove Style
Pano mashafts emakoramu kuburikidza neoptical illusion anowana kufamba nenzira ye wavy kana zigzag.
Baroque Checkered
Mapirasiti anoshandiswa apo shaft inoda bhodhi, uye shanduro dzematombo dzinoitwawo mumasuo, pamwe chete nemashizha emakabati kana fenicha Muenzaniso wemuenzaniso uyu unogona kuonekwa murudzi rweMexico Morelia Cathedral.
Tritostyle style
Pano chikamu chekutanga chetatu chembiru chinowanzove chakasimbiswa, sezvinogona kuonekwa mucathedral yeOaxaca munyika yeAztec.
Hunhu hweBaroque Architecture
Sezvaunotoziva iwe, Baroque Architecture yakazvarwa murudzi rweItaly uye kubva ipapo yakapararira kuenda kuFrance uye kubva munyika ino yakapararira kune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope, saka sangano iri rakabudirira pakupera kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX kusvika pakupera kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX. .
Munguva iyi, Baroque Architecture yakagoverwa kune dzimwe nyika, ichisvika kuSpain apo imwe yemhuri yakanga inokonzera kupararira kwechimiro ichi, zita rimwe chete rainzi Churrigueresco, ndokusaka sangano iri richizivikanwa nezita iri munhoroondo yeunyanzvi. .
Kubva kuSpain, Baroque Architecture inotamisirwa kuNyika Itsva, kunyanya kuLatin America, uko chivako ichi chakashandiswa kuratidza simba reChechi yeRoman Catholic pamusoro pesimba reChechi yePurotesitendi.
Yakashandiswawo kuratidzira simba ravatongi vayo mumabasa ehurumende, naizvozvo Baroque Architecture yakashandisa ichi chimiro chokuvaka kuratidzira simba ramadzimambo okutanga echiKaturike sezvinoratidzira nhau. Pakati pe akanyanya kunaka hunhu hweBaroque Architecture zvinotevera:
Simba
Mumhando iyi yeBaroque Architecture, chivakwa chinopihwa mafambiro kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwemitsara yakakomberedzwa iyo inochinjana neyakakombama uye kunyange mitsetse yakakombama.
Kubvumira kugadzirwa kwemafacade akamonyoroka uye neBaroque Architecture, mabasa ekuvaka anowedzerwa nekuda kwekusiyana kwakasiyana seChiedza - Rima, Curve - Yakatwasuka uye Pedyo - Kure mumagadzirirwo anogadzirwa.
Iyo yakawandisa yemitsara yakakomberedzwa pamwe nekushongedza zvinhu sechishongo chezvivakwa zvinopa manzwiro ekufamba muchimiro chinoitwa mudzimba, domes uye shongwe mumagadzirirwo.
Kushandiswa kwemhando dzekirasi
MuBaroque Architecture, mafomu echinyakare anoshandiswa, asi chinangwa chavo chakasiyana kwazvo;
Sezvinoita kune akatyoka entablatures, pediments, classical uye Solomon mbiru ine yakamonyoroka shaft kuitira kuti ishande sechishongo mukugadzirwa kwemukati uye kunyangwe kufarira kunopihwa kune ovha pane kushandisa denderedzwa.
Yakachengetedza symmetry yeRenaissance architecture mukuwedzera kune kushandiswa kwembiru dzakakombama senzira yekushongedza uye kwete serutsigiro sezvakaita muGirisi yekare neRoma.
Kushandiswa kweVault uye maDomes
Muzvivakwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvetemberi dzechitendero nemabasa ehurumende, kunze kwedzimba dzemadzimambo, dome nevhavha yaishandiswa zvakanyanya, iyo ovhari inosarudzwa.
Humwe hunhu hwaionekwa muBaroque Architecture kuwanda kwemahwindo mumabasa ekuvaka ane nave hombe uko humwe hunyanzvi hunoitwa hunoitwa, sekuveza nekupenda, kugadzira zvidhori zvemaziso.
Kuwanda kwezvinhu zvekushongedza
Relief yakashandiswa muBaroque Architecture zvivakwa mukuwedzera kusiyanisa uye duality yatotaurwa pamusoro apa sechiedza - rima.
Pamusoro pekushandiswa kwemagadheni sechikamu chenyika, kupinda muzvinhu zvine chekuita nebhotani uye kushandisa rectangular mahwendefa ekuvakwa kweBaroque Architecture zvivakwa.
Saizvozvowo, kushongedzwa kwemukati mezvivakwa zvine yakanaka frescoes padenga uye pamadziro, mazhinji acho ane echitendero motif, inoonekwa muBaroque Architecture.
Kutsvaga Zvekunamata
Kuburikidza neBaroque Architecture, aifarira kuratidza manzwiro akananga kune vatendi vedzidziso yeCatholic, nekuda kweiyi nhamba huru yekuvakwa kwetembere dzechitendero.
Dzakanga dzakabva pakushandiswa kwechiaroscuro, iyo inomiririra yekufamba kuburikidza nemitsara yakakomberedzwa kuitira kusimbisa maonero muoni.
Baroque Architecture yakabva pamafomu uye kushandiswa kwekuenzanisa pamwe chete nekushandiswa kwechiedza mukugadzirwa kwezvivako zvayo.
Zvinhu zvinosanganisa zvivakwa zvebaroque
MuBaroque Architecture, zvinhu zvekushongedza chikamu chekunze uye mukati mezvivakwa, iyo nhamba huru yemazwi inoshandiswa iyo inoratidza kunaka, kufara, mitambo, festive, sensual, kunyange kuzvikudza uye kukunda.
Chechi inofanira kuratidza kukunda kwayo uye simba pamusoro peChechi yePurotesitendi pamwe chete nevatongi veabsolutist vemarudzi akaita seFrance, Austria, pakati pevamwe.
Vanofanira kuratidza hupfumi hwavo nekudaro vachipa ruzhinji rwezvematongerwo enyika kutenda kune akawanda mavakirwo akaitwa munguva ino yenhoroondo.
Nokudaro, zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushongedza zvinhu zvinogona kuonekwa muBaroque architecture, senge ngirozi dzemimhanzi dzinobhururuka pamatenga ezvivakwa.
Kufanana nekugadzirwa kwemaruva ane michero ine muto nemaruva erunako runofefetera airatidza kubudirira uye kutaura zvakanaka kwete kwechechi chete asi kweumambo.
Kunocherekedzwa kuti mumavhasi, pamwe chete nomumabhariza namakanje, murazvo wakabuda, unoratidzira chiedza chaitsvakwa kusangana nouyu murume akaoma kunzwisisa anogara muguta rakaoma kunzwisisa rakazara norunako.
Iyo pasi yezvivakwa haisisiri denderedzwa asi elliptical, zvichiratidza kuti pane nguva dzose kufamba muzvinhu zvose pamwe chete nemeso avo uye kushandiswa kwechiedza kwaiva imwe nzira yekugadzira mahwindo, masvingo, domes uye kutamba nechiedza chechisikigo.
Kana zviri zvekufukidzira, zvakange zvakavharwa uye dzimba dzinotsvaga mutsauko neshongwe dzehukuru hwakasiyana uye profiles uye munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekutamba nekuona kwemuoni uchishandisa fantasy sechikamu chechimiro.
Nekuremekedza kumadziro, ndiyo tsigiro huru uye imwe yehunhu hwayo ndeyekuti inofanirwa kuve ine simba, ichibvumira chirongwa chepasi kuti chigadzirike.
Kana ari maarches akashandiswa muBaroque Architecture, akasiyana, anosanganisira elliptical, oval, semicircular, pakati pevamwe. mbiru dzinounzwa nenzira yakakombama uye dzakashongedzwa nemichero uye mbiru yaSoromoni inozvarwa.
Kana ari mapurasitiki maitiro Vanoratidza kusunungurwa kwemafomu uye kufamba kwazvino mukuwedzera kune kutamba kwemavhoriyamu munzvimbo dzemukati, zvichipa mamiriro emitambo uye asinganzwisisiki.
Nhoroondo uye Geographic Context
Sezvaunoziva, Architecture yakatanga muItaly ine mumiriri wakanyanya manhamba akadai saGian Lorenzo Bernini naFrancesco Borromini, uye kuSpain, nekuda kwekushomeka kwehupfumi hwaive hwamuka, sangano iri rakapinda asi pasina embellishments.
Saka, manyorerwo erudzi rweSpain ane hunyoro uye akayerwa, akatsamira kune yekare, uye kubva ipapo vakatamisa mavakirwo eBaroque kuenda kuAmerican kondinendi, yakasanganiswa nepre-Columbian art, ndokusaka kushandiswa kwemavara akajeka kwakashandiswa.
Kuratidzira iyo mabasa ekuvaka eBaroque style Mexican, Peruvian neCuban yekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvitsva kubva kuAmerican landscape uye kubatanidzwa kwehunyanzvi hwevagari venzvimbo iyi.
Nezve nyika dzeGermany neAustria, dhizaini yeBaroque inonzi neItari neFrance yakapesvedzera kusikwa kwezvivakwa zvine shongedzo dzinonakidza, kunyanya mukati mavo.
Vaitamba nechiedza chechisikigo vachigadzira kupenya kunoshamisa mumakamuri akazopa nzira kune imwe kufamba inozivikanwa seRococo, sezvo mavara akajeka, akajeka uye akapfava akabatanidzwa mairi.
Kune rimwe divi, muEngland kuenzana kwezvivakwa uye kuomarara mukuvaka kwavo kwakakunda uye kushoma kushandiswa kwekushongedza muzvivakwa zvakaitwa.
Nzvimbo idzo Baroque Architecture yakagadzirwa
Iyi mhando yeBaroque Architecture yakagadzirwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuvaka, ichiratidza mune imwe neimwe yezvivakwa zvayo kukwidziridzwa kukuru uye zvishongo zvakanaka zvavakaratidza muzvinyorwa zvavo, sezvatichatsanangura munyaya ino inofadza.
Urbanism
Kutenda kuBaroque Architecture, shanduko inoonekwa munzira yekunzwisisa guta seguta guru reHurumende rinofananidzira simba mundima yezvematongerwo enyika uye zvinhu zvepamutemo zvinouya kuhupenyu mukutarisana nemafungiro echiGiriki.
Nokudaro, muBaroque Architecture, zvivakwa zvinofananidzira ukuru hwemutongi wavo uye zvivako zvakakura, zvakanyanya kunaka kuvakwa, kuva nesimba uye kuzarurirwa kumiganhu inoidzivisa, zvichiita kuti ive nzvimbo yekutaura munzvimbo yenharaunda.
Zvakanaka, mubato reRenaissance guta rakavharirwa mukati memadziro aidzivirira vagari varo uye nzvimbo dzeveruzhinji dzaive shoma, nepo muBaroque Architecture guta rinoonekwa serinokosheswa nzvimbo dzeveruzhinji.
Naizvozvo, Urbanism chikamu chenyika, ichibatanidza nekunze, ichigadzira zvimiro zvitsva uko guta rinoratidzwa kune yakasarudzika nharaunda kuburikidza nezvivakwa zvinogadzirwa munguva ino yehunyanzvi.
Machechi
Macathedrals ndiwo muzinda wemabhishopi munyika itsva uye vanotsvaga kuvabatanidza nenzvimbo yemaguta kuburikidza nehuwandu hwechivako chairatidza simba raMwari mumaoko evanhu munhoroondo yose yeBaroque Architecture.
Pakati pezana remakore rechiXNUMX, unyanzvi hwokushongedza hunozivikanwa seLas Yeserías hwakatanga, apo mifananidzo yezvinyorwa inoitwa.
Nekuda kweava mhizha vane hunyanzvi vakabva kuSpain ndokugara muNyika Itsva, kunyanya muPuebla mumakore gumi echina ezana ramakore rechi 17.
Basa rake rakapararira mukondinendi yose yeAmerica nedzimwe nzira dzaive dzichitanga, yakadai ndiyo nyaya yeMortar, iyo musanganiswa wejecha uye lime.
Iyo yakashandiswa kumafuremu uye yakapfekedza mukati metemberi dzechitendero nekuda kweBaroque Architecture, kusanganisira matombo mumadziro uye makamuri.
Kushongedza zvivakwa zvezvivakwa zvine mhando yemhando yepamusoro, kugadzira kutaura kutsva pakati pepurasitiki, kuenzanisa hunhu uye kubvisa symmetry yezvivakwa, kugadzira kutsva kwekufamba mukuvaka kweBaroque Architecture.
Machechi kana Tembere dzeChitendero
Imwe yemakereke ekutanga anoumba nzvimbo yekubva kweBaroque Architecture inoenderana neChechi yeGesu iri muguta reRoma, yakavakwa muna 1568 maererano nekugadzirwa kwemugadziri mukuru Jacopo Vignola.
Ichi chivakwa chinoratidza dhizaini nyowani yeBaroque Architecture maererano nelongitudinal marongero enzvimbo kuitira kuti nhamba huru yevatendi vaungane.
Vakanga vakabatana nemuchinjikwa wechiLatin wemachapels akanga akavapoteredza, achiratidza tsika yeDare reTrent. Kuve mufananidzo wekukosha kukuru mumunda wechitendero kadhinari anonzi Borromeo.
Kumiririrwa kwedome kwakaratidza kubatana neWemasimbaose kuburikidza nekubatanidza kwenzvimbo dzakavakwa dzese senge longitudinal nepakati.
Kunyangwe iyo facade yakagadzirwa muBaroque Architecture yakaratidza kuumbwa kwezvinhu zvayo sezvinoratidzwa muchechi yeSan Andrés del Valle neSanta Susanna.
Nechikonzero ichi, kusikwa kwetembere dzechitendero kwakawedzerwa uko nzvimbo mbiri dzakabatanidzwa, iyo yakareba ine yepakati iyo inoitwa kuburikidza nedome, inova chinhu chinoumbwa cheBaroque Architecture.
Chinhu chekufunga nezvacho muBaroque Architecture ndiyo shanduko yezvimiro uye facade yemakereke kugadzira pfungwa nyowani yenzvimbo yakavakirwa.
Zvakanaka, mafacade akange asisave kuenderera kune musoro kwemukati metemberi, asi chisikwa chakasarudzika uko zvinhu zvepurasitiki zvakashandiswa kuratidza shanduko kubva mukati kuenda kunze kwechivako nekuda kweBaroque Architecture.
Zvakanaka, munzvimbo yemukati, kuumbwa kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwakaoma apo ellipses uye mitsetse yakakomberedzwa inopindirana, ichiratidza kufamba munzvimbo yakasikwa apo pasina symmetry mune zvivakwa zvakaitwa.
MuMazinda kana Mudzimba
Nezve kuvakwa kwedzimba dzehumambo, mavakirwo eBaroque akaiswawo, aine dzimba dzehumambo dzichivakwa mumaguta nemavillas mumaruwa kuti vanakidzwe nekuzorodzwa nehama dzamambo.
Chimwe chezvainyanya kushamisa zvivako zvemizinda yeItaly, zvinoumba imwe nzira yekugara munyika yeItaly.
Nezvezvivakwa izvi, chirongwa chepasi chakagadzirwa muchimiro chebhii H maererano nemusuwo, waive mune yakadzika atrium iyo yakawedzera kuderera sezvo imwe yaifamba mberi, ichisvika kune imwe elliptical room iyo yakashanda sepakati peimba yamambo.
Nekuremekedza rudzi rweFrance, iyi muzinda mutsva wemudhorobha wakagadzirwa neBaroque architecture yaizivikanwa munyika ino nezita reHotera, asi muchikamu ichi yaichengetedza kutaridzika kwenhare dzekare, kuve mamiriro ekunze akasimba, chiedza chezuva chaidiwa munzvimbo huru. .
Nekuda kweizvi, nekuda kweBaroque Architecture, mafacade aida kudzika uye neakafara mapapiro mapapiro akatangira uko nzvimbo yepakati yakachengetedzwa nekuda kwenzvimbo yaibvumira kubatana pakati penhare neguta.
Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa parizvino muLuxembourg Palace muParis, iyo yakavakwa muna 1615 nemugadziri weiyi Baroque architectural work, Salomón de Brosse.
Kwainogona kujekeswa maangular pavilions akagadzirwa kune horo huru pane imwe neimwe pasi pechivakwa chenhare.
Saizvozvo, Baroque Architecture inomira pachena mukuvaka nhare muminda sedzimba dzekugara dzaizivikanwa nezita rekuti Chateaux, dzichigadzira nzvimbo dzekugara dzakanaka dzaive dzakarairwa zvinoenderana nenharaunda.
Pakati pavo, Imba yeVaux - le - Vicomte, yakagadzirwa pakati pe1656 ne1659 yakagadzirwa nemugadziri Louis Le Vau, inotaurwa nekunaka kwayo kunoshamisa.
Kufanana nePalace yeVersailles, yaive mumiriri wepamusoro wesimba reFrance panguva iyoyo, yakaitwa naLe Vau pasi pemirairo yaMambo Louis XIV.
Landscaping muBaroque Architecture
Izvo zvakakosha kuratidza kuti iyi nhanho yakawana kudzokororwa kwayo kukuru mubindu reFrance, kunyanya muzvisikwa zvakaitwa naAndré Le Notre.
Rudzi urwu rwenzvimbo inonambwa munyika ino senzvimbo isingaperi iyo inorairwa kuburikidza nekuitwa kwenhamba dzejometri dzakadzika muzinda.
Kupa kutarisa kusingagumi uye kuratidza hukuru hwenhare inotonga kuva zvimwe zvinhu zvine chokuita nemamiriro ezvinhu anobatanidza nyika mbiri: iyo yemaguta yakasikwa nemaoko emunhu ane nyika yezvisikwa.
Mumwe wemienzaniso mikuru yeBaroque Architecture iPalace yeVersailles uko musimboti wezvakatipoteredza unomiririrwa muchivako chakagadzirwa muzana ramakore regumi nenomwe umo kutonga, kuvhurika uye simba zvinoonekwa.
Nechikonzero ichi, pakupera kwezana rino remakore, shanduko dzakaitwa dzakaratidza hurongwa hwepakati uye nzvimbo yakawedzera kutenderedza zvivakwa zvakavakwa, zvichiratidza simba remambo mumunda wenzvimbo yevagari venzvimbo.
Hunyengeri hweBaroque Architecture kubva pakuona kwakaoma
Izvo zvakakosha kusimbisa kuti Baroque Architecture haina kusikwa nechinangwa chekunzwisisa kuburikidza nedzidziso dzeruzivo.
Asi kunzwisiswa kuburikidza nemanzwiro anogadzira muoni manzwiro uye kwete ane musoro sensations semumamwe mafambiro ehunyanzvi.
Nokudaro, sangano iri rakazvarwa mumamiriro maviri akanyatsotsanangurwa nenhoroondo muzana remakore rechi17: kutanga, kufambira mberi kwesayenzi nekuda kweRenaissance uye classicism, iyo isingagoni kujekesa zvisingazivikanwi zvakatarisana nevanhu panguva iyoyo chaiyo.
Nyika yaizivikanwa kusvika panguva iyoyo yakanga isisafanani nekuti nyika yakanga yakura uye vanhu vakanga vachitsvaga kuedza pakati pehumwari nevemetaphysical.
Apa ndipo panopinda chivakwa cheBaroque kuburikidza nekuumbwa kwenzvimbo uchishandisa ellipses, iyo yaive itsva uye yaipokana neEuclidean panguva iyoyo, uye mhinduro kune zvaidiwa uye zvaunofarira panguva iyoyo.
Pamusoro pemamwe mashoko akapoteredza, inowirirana neCounter-Reformation, iyo yakasimudzirwa neChechi yeKaturike, sezvo nemavambo echiPurotesitendi, miitiro mitsva nezviono zvakaonekwa mukuona kwezvitsvene.
Saka Chechi yeKatorike yaifanira kuzvivandudza kuti isarasikirwa nevatendi vayo kuburikidza nehunyanzvi hwekuita, saka Baroque Architecture yakasimudzirwa nekuda kweChechi muNyika Itsva.
Vatsvagiri vakaita saRevilla Manuel G., Diego Ángulo naJosé Juan Tablada vanoona kupatsanurwa kweBaroque Architecture yeXNUMXth uye XNUMXth mazana emakore.
Munyori mukuru Revilla anotaura kuti muzana remakore rechiXNUMX Baroque architecture inokura, uko kune kushongedzwa kwemapilaster uye mapaneru.
Kuratidza kuti mitsetse yakatyoka ichipa nzira yekusaguma mukuumbwa kwemafomu achibatanidza chivezwa sechikamu chekushongedza kwezvivakwa zvechitendero.
Kune hurukuro muMexico yeBaroque Architecture inozivikanwa seMexican churrigueresque, yakajairika yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, uko kusikwa kwedomes uye shongwe dzemabhero dzakakura dzinocherechedzwa, uko nzvimbo tsvene dzinoratidza kuomarara kweBasilicas.
Kupararira kweBaroque Architecture muzana remakore rechiXNUMX
Sezvatakanga tambotaura, mavambo eBaroque Architecture akaberekerwa muItaly, kunyanya muguta reRoma, ari mumwe wevatangiri vechikwata ichi Michelangelo nekuda kwedome yaakavaka yeBasilica yeSaint Peter.
Italia
Zvinhu zveBaroque Architecture zvichiri kuoneka pachiso chetemberi iyi yechitendero yakagadzirwa pakati pe1607 na1626, apo Maderno naBernini vakabatanidzwa.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti chivakwa cheBaroque chakavakwa mune zvatinoziva nhasi seItaly peninsula, mazhinji emaguta aya aive pasi pesimba remasimba ekunze, akadai seSpain, kubva 1559 kusvika 1773.
Zvino Austria yakatora simba pamusoro pemaguta eItaly kubva muna 1713 kusvika 1796. Naizvozvo, muguta reRoma kutanga muzana remakore rechiXNUMX uye kubva ipapo yakatamira kune dzimwe nyika dzinoumba kondinendi yeEurope uye nekuda kweSpain yakatamira kune imwe nyika. Nyika Itsva.
Sezvaunotoziva iwe, Baroque Architecture ishoko rinozvidza nekuda kwekushaikwa kwekurongeka uye nguva dzose mukuumbwa kwemabasa ayo uye zvivakwa izvo vadziviriri veClassism avo vakafurirwa neChiedza nekuda kwekunzwisisa vakaona murudzi urwu rwekufamba kwehunyanzvi kushaya. zvekuravira..
Naizvozvo, hunhu hwakakosha hweBaroque Architecture hunoenderana nekushongedza uye theatricality yemitsara yakakombama kuburikidza nezvivakwa zvepolycentric uko kubatanidzwa kwakaonekwa izvo zvaive zvakaoma kutsanangura.
Nekushandisa humwe hunyanzvi hwakadai sekupenda, chivezwa, uye hunyanzvi hweEtruscan hwekuumbwa kwenzvimbo, kuratidzira kupindirana kwakakodzera pakati pechiedza nemumvuri munzvimbo ichashongedzwa.
Baroque Architecture haina kungoshandiswa neChechi yeKatorike chete, kunyangwe maPurotesitendi eNorthern Europe neOrthodox Slavic nyika dzakashandisawo maitiro echirango chekushongedza mukuvaka kwavo.
Iyi Baroque Architecture inopindirana nekuzvarwa kwemabasa ekuvaka ayo ari eSosaiti yaJesu yakavambwa muna 1537, ichibatsira kusimudzira hwaro hweChechi yeKaturike pamwe nekuparidza evhangeri kuvagari veNyika Itsva.
Uyezve Kanzuru yeTrent pakati pemakore 1545 na1563 ichivandudza kuwandisa kwedzidziso yeChechi yeKatorike yakanga yakafukidzwa nekunyomba kwakakonzerwa nekuregererwa uye kugadzira mirairo mitsva yakaita semaJesuit, maBarnabite, maTheatines nemaOratorians.
Idzi dzaida nzvimbo tsvene dzechitendero dzaizobvumira vatendi kuwana chido uye kushamisika kubva mukushambadzirwa kune kutenda kweKaturike, uye kushongedzwa kwacho kwaiwedzera kukura mukondinendi yose yeEurope.
Naizvozvo, muBaroque Architecture, zvinhu zvekutanga zveRenaissance architecture zvakatorwa, zvakaita semadhomu nemakoronadhi.
Iwo akagadzirwa kuitira kuti iwo akareba uye akawedzera hukuru, akashongedzwa zviri nani uye neatricality yakakura kuti awane mhedzisiro munzvimbo yemukati, Quadrature kana trompe-l'oeil pendi yakashandiswa pamwe chete nechivezwa.
Muoni aifanira kutungamira kutarisa kwavo kune sirin'i yezvivakwa, uko boka revatumwa vakavezwa vaigona kuonekwa, mukuwedzera kune mifananidzo yakapendwa padenga remachechi aya, kuitira kuti chiedza chechisikigo chive chikamu chechiitiko kuburikidza nedomes yakafanana neBaroque architecture.
Uko kurwadziwa kwegoridhe kunowanda pasina kukanganwa makoramu akamonyoroka kuti ape kunzwa kwekufamba uchitarisa kumusoro kwetembere yechitendero, masitepisi ari chinhu chepakati cheiyi art mukuvaka kwayo.
Iyi nzira yeBaroque Architecture inopupurirwa mumabasa aCarlo Maderno, sezvakaita facade yaakasika muSanta Susanna pakati pe1585 na1603, pamwe nepamberi uye chikamu chegungwa reSan Pedro del Vatican pakati pemakore 1603. uye 1626.
Dzimwe temberi dzechitendero dzatisingagoni kutadza kutaura ndedzeBasilica yeSant' Andrea della Valle, yakavakwa pakati pe1608 na1625. Iyi façade yakapedzwa nekuda kwehungwaru hwaCarlo Rinaldi pakati pe1655 ne1665.
Kune zvakare imwe façade inomira pachena muBaroque Architecture yakaitwa naMartino Longhi, aizivikanwa saEl Joven pakati pe1644 na1650, iyo façade yetembere yechitendero seChechi yeVatendi Vincent naAnastasius.
Ipo iyo yepakati axis yemafacade inomira kunze kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwepilasta zvishoma nezvishoma pamwe nehafu-columns nemakoramu. Nekuda kweizvi, kufamba uku kweBaroque Architecture kwakasvika pakukwira pakati pemakore 1625 na1675 mumaoko aGian Lorenzo Bernini. Francesco Borromini naPietro da Cortona.
Kwavakabvumira kukudziridza muBaroque Architecture yekuwedzera kwemutauro wairehwa nesangano reunyanzvi apo matemberi echitendero ari chikamu chekusimuka kukuru kwezvivakwa zvenguva iyoyo munhoroondo.
Kungofanana nedzimba dzehumambo uye nekushandurwa kwenzvimbo yedhorobha nekuda kwerutsigiro rwaPope Sixtus V uye nehunyanzvi zviitiko zveDomenico Fontana, izvo zvakagonesa shanduko yekutanga yedhorobha reRome.
Nechikonzero ichi, migwagwa mitsva uye kutamiswa kwakavakwa mumatemo kuti avakwe nenzira yakatwasuka, zvichibvumira kukwenenzverwa kwenzvimbo dzeveruzhinji nekuda kweBaroque architecture, sezvakaitika zvePlaza del Popolo, Navona neSan Pedro uye kunyangwe mamwe veruzhinji. zvivakwa.
Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti zvivakwa zveBaroque Architecture zvakayambuka miganhu yeguta kusvika kuguta reTurin uko Dare reSavoy raive rakada kufanana nekufamba uku.
Izvozvo zvakamubvumira kusimudzira simba rake rezvematongerwo enyika kuburikidza nekushanda kwevanotevera vagadziri Filippo Juvarra, Bernardo Vittone uye Guarino Guarini.
Kune izvo guta rinowedzera pamwe nekugara kwevagari veimba yehumambo yeSavoy nemavillas pamwe nedzimba dzeumambo muguta reTurin, pakati peiyo chapel ye Holy Shroud, Carignano palace uye Chechi yeSan Lorenzo iripo. muGuarini.
Zvivako zveBaroque zvaishamisa zvekuti zvakapararira kuguta reMilan pamwe chete nemuguta reVenice umo mabasa ezvivakwa akatanhamara, akadai seBasilica yeSanta Maria della Salute.
Yakagadzirwa naBaldassare Longhena uko hurongwa hwepasi hweoctagonal huri pachena huri padyo nenzvimbo tsvene yakakomberedzwa nemaapses maviri.
Muguta reNaples, basa rekuvaka raCosimo Fanzago, Francesco Grimaldi naFerdinando Sanfelice rinogona kuoneka, zvichiratidza imba yehumambo yePfuma yeSan Gennaro pamwe nePalazzo dello Spagnolo uye chechi yeSanta Maria Egiziaca.
Ikoko kubatanidzwa kwezvishongo kubva kuSpain Plateresque style inogona kuonekwa, rimwe guta rakakwezvwa neBaroque architecture iguta reSicily mushure mekudengenyeka kwenyika kwakaitika muna 1693.
Kwakavakwa matembere akati wandei ezvitendero ane hunhu hweBaroque Architecture, iri Cathedral yeSant'agata iri muCatania pamwe neCathedral yeSan Giorgio muguta reRagusa.
Kune rimwe divi, guta reTuscany panguva iyoyo rakaramba rakasimba mukufamba kweMannerist yekupera sezvinoratidzwa nekuvakwa kweChapel of the Princes uye nekuremekedza kuvakwa kweBaroque Architecture, vakatanga pakutanga kwezana ramakore reXNUMX.
Nezve nhanho yekupedzisira yeBaroque architecture murudzi rweItaly, inovambwa muguta reNaples nekuda kwePalace yeCasetas yakagadzirwa naLuigi Vanvitelli.
Ndiani akatevera muenzaniso wemamwe mizinda yeBourbon yakadai sePalace yeVersailles uye Royal Palace yeMadrid, iyo inochengetedza hukama hwavo nenzvimbo yakatenderedza.
España
Panguva iyo Baroque Architecture yakasvika munyika yeSpain, yakasangana nekushomeka kwehupfumi mukutonga kwaFelipe III uye muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX yakapinda asi mavakirwo ayo aive asina kukosha zvakanyanya.
Kushandiswa kukurusa kwakaitwa mukushongedza tembere dzechitendero, iyo yakatorwa nekukurumidza zvikuru nevagari vemo vasina kudzidza uye yaive nekupfuura kwayo muNyika Itsva.
Pakati pezvivakwa zvinomiririra Baroque architecture muSpain ichechi yemubatanidzwa yeSan Isidro muguta reMadrid panguva ye1629th century, iyo yakatanga muna XNUMX.
Tinogona zvakare kutaura nezve Chechi yeSanta María Magdalena iri muguta reGranada iro rakatanga mugore re1677, rakanyanya kufanana nechimiro chezvivakwa munzvimbo yeItaly, pamwe neBasilica yeVirgen de los Desamparados iri munharaunda. guta reValencia. rine chirimwa chine elliptical.
Matanho anoumba Baroque Architecture muSpain
Aya matanho anoumbwa murudzi rweSpain munguva nhatu, achive anotevera munhoroondo yeBaroque Architecture:
Post Herrerian kana Purist Period
Inosanganisira zvikamu zviviri zvitatu zvekutanga zvezana remakore rechigumi nemanomwe nekuda kwekushomeka kwehupfumi mukutonga kwaFelipe III zvivakwa zvinoratidza kureruka, kusimba uye kuzvidzora.
Zviripachena, iyo yakaderera zvinhu liquidity haibvumire runako uye kufara mumidziyo semumamwe marudzi uye hurombo hwezvinhu zvinoshandiswa muBaroque Architecture hunoonekwa, sezvakaita nyaya yezvidhinha, plaster uye rammed ivhu.
Mutsara wakatwasuka unoshandiswa pachinzvimbo che curve uye temberi dzine chimiro cheChechi yeGesu yekambani yaJesu, ma facades avo anoratidza kupfava kwakafanana kunowanikwa muchivako.
Muenzaniso wezvivakwa izvi unooneka muCollegiate Church yeSan Isidro muguta reMadrid, iyo yakagadzirwa nekambani yaJesu.
Hurongwa hwayo hwepasi hwakagadzirwa nenzira yemuchinjiko wechiLatin wakafanana newaGesú, kune zvakare Chechi yeKuberekwa zvakare iri muguta reMadrid.
Kune kunyange Jeri reMadrid, iro nhasi riri muchivako ichi kune Ministry of Foreign Affairs, pamwe neimba yeVilla de Madrid.
Pamusoro pePlaza Mayor muMadrid, uko maitiro eEscorial anoonekwa nekuda kwekukosha kwekuitwa kwemitsara yakavharwa.
Nguva inoenderana nekupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX
Chekupedzisira, Baroque Architecture inotanga kutora gwara rayo muzvivakwa zveSpanish uko mafomu ekushongedza anopinda nepakati pemakoramu makuru eSolomon anobvumira kufamba kukuru mukuvaka nemafacade.
Mafomu anobvumira kufamba kunopiwa kune zvivakwa zveBaroque zvivakwa zvakasanganisirwa, senge oval kana concave zvirongwa, uko façade yeGranada Cathedral, yakagadzirwa nemugadziri Alonso Cano, inomira pachena, ine semicircular arches.
Imwe yemabasa ekuvaka anogona kutaurwa anowanikwa muSpain iBell Tower uye Clock Tower yakagadzirwa naDomingo de Andrade, ari muguta reSantiago de Compostela.
National Current yeBaroque Architecture inozivikanwa zviri nani seChurrigueresque
Kuvakwa kwezvivakwa kwakasimudzira Baroque Architecture mukati mezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, zvichitora mabasa aiitwa nenyika yeItaly.
Ikoko kuvakwa kwemiti yakaoma kunoratidzwa panoshandiswa curve nehafu curve, pamwe nedomes seyakaitwa nemugadziri Francisco Bautista muzana rino renhoroondo.
Uko denga rakapetwa kaviri rinoratidzwa apo huni nepurasita zvinoshandiswa uye kunze kureba kwechiyeuchidzo kunoratidzirwa, zvichibvumira bumbiro guru renzvimbo dzakavakwa uye panguva imwe cheteyo nzvimbo dzevatendi vedzidziso yeKaturike dzakakura.
Chishongo chakakura chinoonekwa mukuvakwa kweBaroque Architecture kusvika kune yakawandisa, kuwana chimiro chitsva chinozivikanwa nezita rekuti Churrigueresco, iro ndiro zita rekupedzisira remhuri iyo yaitarisira kujekesa nhamba huru yemabasa ekuvaka.
Pakati pezvivakwa zvinomira pachena panguva ino yeBaroque Architecture iColegio de Anaya y Calatrava iri muguta reValladolid pamwe nePlaza Mayor iri muguta reSalamanca.
Inoratidzawo Puente de Toledo muguta reMadrid rakagadzirwa naPedro Ribera pamwe neHospice yeMadrid pamwe chete nezvimwe zvivakwa zvinofananidzira zveBaroque architecture muSpain seSan Telmo muguta reSeville.
Saizvozvowo, mifananidzo yedzidziso yeKatorike inopinda muBaroque Architecture, yakadai semarozari, zvisaririra, tabhenakeri, zvitsvene uye mifananidzo inobvumira kuzvipira kukuru kune vatendi kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakadai sechiedza chechisikigo, kupenda uye zvivezwa.
Kune izvo zvinoratidzwa muBaroque Architecture theatre kuumbwa kuburikidza nevagadziri vakuru vakaita saRemigio del Mármol, José Álvarez Cubero, Juan de Dios Santaella, pakati pevamwe.
Bourbon style
Izvo zvakakosha kuti iwe uzive kuti dzinza reBourbon riripo muChurrigueresque architecture, asi ndeye French mavambo, iri padyo neiyo classical uye inosimuka kubva kune yakawandisa yeChurrigueresque architecture.
Saka iwe uchaona kuti Bourbon Baroque Architecture inoda nzvimbo dzakafara nekuvaka kwakarongeka pakati pezvivakwa zvinomiririra chimiro ichi.
Muchiitiko chekutanga, Granja de San Ildefonso, iyo yakapiwa kuna Teodoro Ardemáns, unogonawo kuonga Palacio de Aranjuez yakagadzirwa naSantiago Bonavía uye Palacio Real de Madrid yakagadzirwa naGiovanni Battista Sacchetti naFilippo Juvara.
rudzi rweFrance
Zvivakwa zveBaroque munyika iyi zvaizivikanwawo nezita reFrench Classicism uye zvakabudirira munyika ino pasi pekutonga kwaLouis XIII pakati pemakore 1610 kusvika 1643.
Zvino mukutevedzana kwomumwe mambo ainzi Louis XIV pakati pa1643 na1715, uyewo mukutonga kwakatevera kwaLouis XV pakati pa1715 na1774.
Munguva iyi yenguva, zvivakwa zvemavakirwo zvakanakisa zvakaitwa izvo zvakaratidza ukuru hwehumambo hweabsolutist.
Kunyanya mukutonga kwaFelipe XIV anozivikanwa saMambo weZuva anotumira huchenjeri nechiedza kune zvese zvidzidzo zvinovhenekera nyika yese nesimba rake.
Imba yeVersailles iri muenzaniso wehukuru hwake saMambo weFrance, zvichiratidza kuti aive nesimba rakakwana nekuda kwekukura kwehupfumi uko nyika ino yakafarikanya panguva iyi yenhoroondo.
Nekuda kweizvi, zvivakwa zvakasiyana zveBaroque Architecture zvakasanganiswa neRenaissance classicism zvinogona kuitwa uye pakupera kwezana ramakore reXNUMX neoclassical architecture yakagadziridzwa.
MaFrench anosarudza kudaidza yekare kuti Baroque Architecture yakaitwa mukutonga kwaLouis XIV nevateveri vake kuti vasashandise izwi rekunyomba reBaroque.
Nokudaro, Imba yeVersailles muenzaniso wakajeka wehutano hweItaly hwetsika kurudzi rweFrance, nekuchinja kunoitika muna April 1665 nemugadziri Bernini akaramba kuvaka Louvre colonnade.
Zvimwe zvinoshamisa, mugadziri ane mukurumbira wenguva iyi akarambwa nedare reFrance asi akapesvedzera kuvakwa kwemamwe marudzi eEurope muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX.
Pakati pezvivakwa zvekutanga zveBaroque Architecture muFrance pane izvo zvakagadzirwa nemugadziri Jacques Lemercier muSorbonne Chapel muna 1635, pamwe neaya aFrançois Mansart akavaka Château de Maisons - Laffitte pakati pemakore 1624 kusvika 1626.
Vakabva vafarira kugadzira iyo façade yeLouvre palace pakati pa1667 na1670, vachive nemutoro Louis Le Vau naClaude Perrault.
Saizvozvowo, mabasa ehurumende akagadziridzwa nekuda kwekusimudzirwa kwemabhunu sesangano repamusoro apo chateaux yakaunzwa kumaruwa.
Sezvakaita nyaya yeChateau de Dampierre, iyo yakagadzirwa nekuraira kweDuke weChevreuse, sezvakaita Château de Blois, asi yakasarudzika pane zvese iPalace yeVersailles kubva 1669 kusvika 1685, naLe Vau ari kutungamira uye. ipapo Jules Hardouin Mansart akapedza basa racho.
Kufarira kweBaroque Architecture mukuvakwa kwezvivakwa uye simba remambo weFrance uko makamuri ake aifanira kunge ari pakati pemuzinda kubva kumabvazuva-kumadokero axis uye horo dzemuzinda dzakatsaurirwa kune vamwari veRoma kana. kunyika.
Saka Imba yeVersailles, nekuda kweBaroque Architecture, inova chiratidzo chesimba uye kushambadzira kwezvematongerwo enyika uko kunoratidzwa kufara uye marara, izvo zvakapararira munyika dzakasiyana dzeEurope nekuda kwekunaka kwemapindu ayo uye ukuru hweImba.
Baroque Architecture inopfumiswa nehungwaru uye hunyanzvi hwekuvaka kweFrance kuburikidza nekuvakwa kwemahombekombe, masitepisi uye yemukati gallery, iri iyo Luxembourg Palace yakagadzirwa pakati pemakore 1615 na1631.
England
Kunyangwe nyika yechirungu yakanyura mukuvakwa kwezvivakwa zvekare uye ndiyo The Queen's House iri muGreenwich inoisa poindi yekuchinja yakananga kuBaroque Architecture.
Iwo maviri rectangular blocks akabatanidzwa nebhiriji uye ikozvino World Heritage Site nekuda kweUNESCO. Ichi chivakwa chinokwira kubva pauriri hwepamusoro, iyo inovhura mubindu kuburikidza nemadziro eDoric columns.
Pakati pevakagadziri vekutaura munguva ino ndiIñigo Jones pamwe naIsaac de Caus ari mutariri wekuita Wilton House apo kunaka kwemakamuri akaumbwa nemabhokisi anonzi cube uye kaviri cube inogona kuonekwa.
Mumwe wevagadziri vezvivakwa vakaratidza hunyanzvi kuburikidza neBaroque architecture aive Sir Christopher Wren, uyo akaisa classicism yeRoman mushure memoto mukuru wakaitika muguta rino muna 1666, uye akapa mazano matsva ekuvakazve guta reLondon.
Pakati pemabasa akatanhamara munzvimbo yeguta rechirungu iri iCathedral yeSaint Paul, pamwe chete nezvimwe makumi mashanu zvekuvaka temberi dzechitendero dzakagadzirwa nemugadziri mukuru uyu.
Pamusoro peNetherlands
Pano iwe uchaona zvivakwa zvakaitwa muBaroque architecture nekuda kwechikwata ichi chakaratidza simba rezvematongerwo enyika, zvemagariro evanhu uye zvehupfumi zvevatongi varo, saka usazeza kuramba uchiverenga chinyorwa ichi chinonakidza.
Netherlands iyo iri munharaunda yekumaodzanyemba
Munyika idzi, shanduko yekuvaka kweBaroque yakaitwa, pamwe chete nemafungiro eFlemish, sezvo yaive pasi pesimba reFlanders.
Nepo avo vaive kudivi rekuchamhembe vaive vakazvimiririra uye vaine misiyano maererano nemafungiro ezvematongerwo enyika pamwe nemamiriro echitendero.
Saka kudivi rezasi raitongwa nevaFlanders kwaive kweKatorike uye estate society ukuwo kudivi rakazvimirira rekuchamhembe chitendero chaive chePurotesitendi uye chimurenga chebourgeois chakatanga.
Saizvozvowo, hunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi hwakasiyaniswa pakati peFlemish Baroque neDutch Baroque, kunyanya mukupenda, pasina kukanganwa Baroque architecture.
Kurutivi rwekumaodzanyemba kweNetherlands, nekuda kweCounter-Reformation, zvivakwa zvitsva zvakaitwa uko kufara kwezvekushongedza kwakacherechedzwa maererano nechimiro, kusasanganisa kuwanda.
Maererano nenhoroondo, pakati pemakore 1596 na1633, pasi pokutonga kwaArchdukes Alberto naIsabel Clara Eugenia, shanduko yakaonekwa mumakonivhesiti matsva akanga achivakwa munyika iyi.
Kuwedzerwa kwenzvimbo yeNorth yeNetherlands
Ichi chivakwa cheBaroque chaizivikanwa munzvimbo ino yenharaunda ine izwi reDutch Baroque, iyi nharaunda yainziwo United Provinces.
Holland iri nyika yakabudirira uye ine vanhu vakawanda munzvimbo idzi, iyo yakazvimiririra munguva ye17th uye 18th mazana emakore.
Mukurwisana navaHabsburg muHondo yeMakore Makumi Masere yakakurumbira yakaitika pakati pa1568 na1648 uye yaisiyaniswa neKumaodzanyemba kweNetherlands nokuti vakanga vari pasi poutungamiriri hwedzinza.
Eya, maodzanyemba akanga ari pasi pemirau youmambo nepo rutivi rwokuchamhembe rwakanga rwakazvimiririra uye ramabhunu mukuwedzera kukushandisa rudzidziso rwePurotesitendi nedzidziso yetsika yechiKaturike kurutivi rwokumaodzanyemba.
Naizvozvo, zvivakwa zveBaroque muSouthern Netherlands zvakafemerwa neCounter-Reformation yeBernini neBorromini, ukuwo kuchamhembe kugadzirwa kwakaomarara kwakaonekwa munzvimbo dzekugara dzakadai seOrange House pamwe nemuzvivakwa zveveruzhinji.
Sezviri murudzi rweChirungu, basa rinoitwa nePalladianism, iyo inoratidza kudzikama uye midziyo muzvivakwa, hunhu hweRepublican hwakabatana neAntiquity yeClassic.
Madhizaini akagadzirwa nemugadziri Hendrik de Keyser anoratidza simba reVenetian pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 1620, uko North Church inomira pakati pa1623 na1620, pamwe neWesterkerk, inova West Church pakati pe1631 naXNUMX muguta. yeAmsterdam..
Pakati pezana remakore rechiXNUMX Dutch Baroque architecture vagadziri vakuru vaiva Jacob Van Campen naPieter Post vakatora pfungwa dzeKeyser.
Zvakare eclectic ekuumbwa zvinhu zvakaita sehofori yekuraira pilasta pamwe nematenga ane gabled, epakati pediments pamwe nemabhero shongwe.
Naizvozvo, zvisikwa zvake zvinotarisira budiriro ichaonekwa muEngland kuburikidza neChirungu Classicism yemugadziri Christopher Wren.
Central Europe
Baroque architecture muCentral Europe inoonekwa murudzi rweGerman pakati pezana ramakore rechigumi nenomwe uye pakati pezana ramakore regumi nesere apo kufanana kunoitwa neHutsvene hweRoma.
Pamusoro pezvinhu zvevaHabsburg, kune zvaari nyika idzi, sangano iri rakanonoka kuitwa nekuda kweHondo Yemakore Makumi Matatu yakaitika kubva muna 1618 kusvika 1648.
Baroque Architecture muNyika Itsva
Kana Baroque Architecture inotamiswa kubva kuEuropean Continent kuenda kuNyika Itsva, kubatanidzwa kwezvinhu zvitsva mukuumbwa uye kusikwa kwezvivakwa zvakaitwa panguva iyoyo yenhoroondo inocherechedzwa.
Nezve temberi dzechitendero, sarudzo yakaitwa muBaroque Architecture muNyika Itsva yekugadzirwa kwezvivakwa zvine chiLatin chepasi pasi chirongwa, icho chinowanikwa zvakanyanya muparamende uye mumatemberi anozove maconvents evafiri.
Nenzira imwecheteyo, zvivakwa zve-single-nave zvinogadzirirwa kugadzirwa kwetemberi dzechitendero uko kunogara masisita, nepo muzvivakwa zvehurumende zvinoenderana neBaroque architecture, quadrangular zvimiro zvinogadzirwa zvakatenderedza patio, iyo yakave yakawanda kwazvo panguva iyoyo. .
Kana dziri dzimba neshongwe, dzaive zvinhu zvakamira pachena muBaroque Architecture, Mexico ichive imwe yenyika dzakaratidza humwe hukuru maererano nezvinhu izvi mukuvaka kwavo.
Pakati peakanyanya kushandiswa paive neoctagonal dome inopera nemwenje diki, muenzaniso wayo iSanta Prisca de Taxco, asi iwe uchiri kukwanisa kuona akasiyana siyana.
Nezve shongwe mumavakirwo eBaroque, shongwe dzaive dzakakosha sekuvakwa kwedzimba;
Iko kushongedzwa kunofanirwawo kuverengerwa, sezvo isiri chikamu chechimiro asi kuti zvinhu zvinopindirana, zvichipa chivakwa chakasiyana siyana chekushongedza kubva kune ese echivanhu neSpanish maonero.
Hunhu hweBaroque Architecture mune ino kondinendi
Nekuremekedza Baroque Architecture mukondinendi yeAmerica, kusimudzwa kunogadzirwa kweiyo nyowani uye kunyanya yerunako rwechisikigo pamwe nekuzivikanwa kwetsika nekuda kwekukanganisa uye kukoloni.
Maererano nemabasa ekugadzira, zvishongedzo zvine nhamba huru yezvinyorwa zvinoonekwa zvose zviri kunze, iyo facade yemachechi, uye mukati.
Mafacade anoratidza mitsara yakakomberedzwa muAmerican Baroque Architecture pamwe neruzivo rwakawanda rwunoratidza chikamu chechitendero cheChechi yeKatorike nerunako rwekuEurope chishongedzo asi chichiendeswa kutsika dzeAmerica.
Vamiriri Vakuru veBaroque Architecture
Kuburikidza nechinyorwa ichi tichakuzivisa iwe kune vagadziri vane hombe trajectory muBaroque Architecture, saka isu tichatsanangura nezvemumwe nemumwe weava mavara munhoroondo yehunyanzvi.
Pietro Berrettini da Cortona
Aive mumwe wevamiriri veBaroque Architecture.Akatanga basa rake pabasa remhuri yekwaSacchetti,aive mukuru wePigneto villa.Akaratidza kuva muvambi mukugadzira dhizaini yemukati kuburikidza nemafrescoes.
Pakati pemabasa ekuvaka eiyi mumiriri mukuru weBaroque Architecture, maFaçades eSanta María della Pace anomira pachena, pamwe neayo eSanta María muVía Lata.
Gianlorenzo Bernini
Ndiye nyanzvi yeBaroque Architecture uye mugari wenhaka mukuru wekudzidza kwaMichelangelo, rimwe remabasa ake anokosha ari Colonnade yeSt.
Kufanana neChigi - Odescalchi Palace, iyo yakaita simba guru kune mamwe marudzi eEurope, iri imwe yezvivakwa zvakakosha zvehurumende.
Francesco Borromini
Ndiye mumwe wemadzibaba eBaroque Architecture, akashandisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana kutaura kwesangano iri, achiratidza kusanganiswa kwakanaka pakati pezvinhu zvaakashandisa.
Paive nekutaura mukuvaka kwake nezve eccentric kushandiswa kwekutamba nekunyepedzera sezvo nzvimbo dzaakagadzira dzakabatana asingazive kwadzakabatanidza Hunyanzvi hwake hwepamusoro ifaçade yeSan Carlino.
louis le vau
Mumwe wevagadziri vakatanhamara zvikuru vomuzana ramakore rechi XNUMX muBaroque Architecture akanga ari muvaki uye chipangamazano waMambo Louis XIV wokuFrance.Pakati pemabasa ake iPalace yeVersailles.
Aive nehanya nemhedzisiro yemabasa ezvivakwa uye kwete mune zvawo, akabatanidza kuronga kwemadhorobha nekuvakwa kwebindu achigadzira hutsva mumuzinda uyu weVersailles.
Jules Hardouin-Mansart
Mugadziri mukuru wechiFrench uye mumiririri akakodzera weBaroque architecture, zita rake rinozivikanwa padenga reMansart, iro denga rakatsetseka mushure memutsetse mupfupi.Aive ari mutariri wekubudirira Le Vau mumabasa ekuvaka akatumwa naMambo Louis XIV.
Akanga ari mugadziri wekutanga wemahwindo eFrance, ari nyanzvi huru mukugadzira zvivakwa, achipesvedzera dzimwe nyika mukondinendi yeEurope.
Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach
Ndiye mumwe wevamiriri veBaroque Architecture yeAustria mavambo, pfungwa dzake dzaive dzakatangira muHabsburg sezvinoratidzwa muChirongwa cheNhoroondo neCivil Architecture chegore ra1721.
Akashanyira Italy uye akadzidza sangano idzva iri uye akadzokera kunyika yake nechinzvimbo chemugadziri wedare mubasa remadzimambo matatu, achigadzira zvido zvevakuru vehurumende yeAustria, achigadzira Winter Palace yeMuchinda Eugene weSavoy.
Bartolomeo Rastrelli
Akanga ari mwanakomana wemuvaki mukuru uye muvezi wemavambo eItaly ainzi Bartolomeo Carlo Rastrelli, asi panzvimbo pokugara muItaly, akatamira kuRussia uko akapesvedzera zvivakwa zvine Baroque architecture.
Ikoko akagadzwa nechinzvimbo chemugadziri weDare reRussia, pakati pemabasa ake makuru ndiyo Annenhof Palace muMoscow.
Yechitatu Winter Palace muSt.
Juan Gomez de Mora
Inomiririra Purism yenyika yeSpain Pakati pemabasa ayo ekutanga ekuvaka pane El Convento de la Encarnación muguta reMadrid, chivakwa ichi chine hunyoro uye chakabatana neEl Escorial.
Nekuda kwekuita kweiyo yakareba façade uye yakanongedza pediment, inoratidza humwe hunhu hwakafanana neBaroque Architecture.
Pakati pemamwe mabasa, tinogona kutaura Plaza Mayor, pamwe neMadrid City Hall, uye Colegio Regium, inozivikanwa zviri nani seClerecía.
Pedro Sánchez
Uyu mugadziri mukuru wesangano iri anozivikanwa munhoroondo neCollegiate Church yeSan Isidro el Real Chivako ichi chakavakwa muna 1620 uye chiri pakati penhoroondo yeguta reMadrid.
Francis Baptist
Pakupera kwenguva yeHerrerian architecture, Baroque Architecture inoonekwa nekuda kwekushandiswa kwemafomu matsva pamwe nekushongedza.
Iyi mhando yeBaroque Architecture inofadza mukugadzirwa kwemafacade pamwe nekugadzirwa kwemukati.Mugadziri uyu aiziva kushanda nemirairo mikuru mukuwedzera pakuitwa kwechiaroscuro kugadzira manzwiro ekunzwa kuburikidza nenharaunda.
Pakati pezvivakwa zvakagadzirirwa nemugadziri uyu iCathedral yeSan Isidro, inova yepfungwa ye Counter-Reformation temberi Iine imwe nave, chirongwa chepasi chayo chiri muchimiro chemuchinjikwa wechiLatin, ine dome hombe, uye kamuri yevafundisi haina kudzika.
Pakuvaka uku, akashandisa makoramu matanhatu eDoric mukuwedzera kune hofori pilaster, uye façade yaro inoshamisa nekuti yakagadziridza kuburikidza nekubatanidza cheni kubva kumusoro kusvika kuzasi kune zvese kunze uye mukati mechimiro.
Alonso Carbonell
Akanga ari mumiriri akakodzera weBaroque architecture, ari mutariri wePalacio del Buen Retiro pamwe neHermitage yeSan Antonio.
Alonso Cano
Akanga ari mumwe mugadziri airatidza shanduko muBaroque Architecture pakati pezana remakore rechigumi nemanomwe achishandisa abstract mafomu pamwe chete nemacubes, muenzaniso weizvi waiva Puerta de Guadalajara Arch muguta reMadrid.
Rimwe remabasa ake makuru rakanga riri Cathedral yeGranada, ichiita mutsauko pakati pekunze nemukati mechivako chechitendero, ichibvumira rusununguko rwekugadzira uye makoramu anoratidza menduru pachinzvimbo chemazita ekare aishandiswa.
Sebastián Herrera Barnuevo
Akanga ari mutariri wekuvaka kereke uye convent yeSanta María la Real de Monserrat muguta reMadrid, ari mumwe wevamiririri veBaroque architecture.
Mhuri yeChurriguera
Yakanga iri mhuri yevavaki José, Joaquín naAlberto vaive vamiriri vakakodzera veBaroque Architecture vaishanda pamwechete pachivakwa chimwechete uye.