Astronomy ndiro gedhi rekunzwisisa kuti tiri papi uye kuti zvese zviripo zvinogadzirwa nei.Kubva pachiedza chezvisaririra cheBig Bang kusvika kuzvindori zveSaturn, kubva kumapoka enyeredzi ari kure kuenda kumwedzi ine geysered, cosmos inyaya yemabviro, shanduko, uye mafambiro anobvira atinoenderera mberi nekududzira.
Mumitsara iyi tinokuudza, nemutauro wakajeka uye unozivikanwa, iwo akakosha pfungwa uye akawanda akasiyana curiosities: zera uye saizi yechadenga, maziviro atinoita kuti iri kuwedzera, zvinhu zvakasviba zvakaita sei, sei Mwedzi uchienda kure nePasi, chii chinoita kuti Io kana Triton ive yakasiyana, uye kuti ungatanga sei yako yekutarisa denga nezviwanikwa zviripo kune chero munhu.
Chii chinonzi nyeredzi uye nei tine hanya?
Astronomy isainzi inodzidza mitumbi yedenga nezviitiko zviri mhiri kwemhepo yePasi., nechinangwa chekunzwisisa mavambo ayo, mhindumupindu uye kushanda pamwe chete.
Astronomy haisi yenyeredziYekutanga yakavakirwa panzira yesainzi, data, uye mhando dzinogoneka; chechipiri idzidziso yekutenda isina hwaro hwehumbowo.
Zvakasikwa: zera, saizi, chimiro uye kuti chakagadzirwa nei
Ongororo dzinoratidza kuti chadenga chine makore 13.799 ± 21 miriyoni. uye kuti bhora rechadenga chinooneka rinoyera upamhi hwemakore anenge mabhiriyoni 93.000 echiedza.
Kupesana kuri pachena kwemadaro akakura kudaro munguva “pfupi” yakadaro kunogadziriswa nekuti nzvimbo pachayo inokura.: General relativity inobvumira jira renguva-yenguva kukura pasina kudzikiswa nekumhanya kwechiedza, kunyangwe zvinhu zvisingafambe nemuchadenga nekukurumidza kupfuura chiedza.
Paavhareji, chadenga chine homogeneous uye isotropic pazvikero zvakakura., yakatsetseka mukati memupendero wakatetepa wekukanganisa, uye Euclidean geometry inoshanda zvakanaka kwazvo kunze kwe "makwinya" emunharaunda anokonzerwa nemazhinji anokomba nzvimbo-nguva.
Yako yazvino simba inventory inotongwa nezvatisingaone zvakananga.: inenge 68% yerima simba, 27% yakasviba nyaya uye inenge 5% "yakajairika" (baryonic) nyaya inoumba nyeredzi, mapuraneti nesu.
Kubva kuBig Bang kusvika kuchiedza chefossil: inflation uye cosmic background
Iyo Big Bang modhi inotsanangura kuwedzera kwenzvimbo-nguva kubva kune yakaomesesa uye inopisa mamiriro, umo chikamu chekuwedzera inflation "yakanyorovesa" zvisizvo uye yakadyara mbeu yemaitiro.
Mumamicroseconds ekutanga denga raive plasma yemaquarks nemagluons; sezvayakatonhora, mapurotoni nemanyuturoni zvakaoneka, ipapo maatomu, uye gare gare nyeredzi namakwara enzou.
Iyo cosmic microwave kumashure kwemwaranzi (≈ 2,725 K) ndiyo inopisa echo yenguva iyoyo., yakaonekwa naPenzias naWilson, uye yakamepuwa nemamishini akadai seCOBE neWMAP, iyo yakayera tudiki tudiki tudiki tunokosha pakunzwisisa zera, kumonereka uye kuumbwa.
Kuchinja-chinja uku kunotsanangura kuti zvinhu zvakaungana sei kuti zviumbe mapoka enyeredzi ekutanga., iyo ingangodaro yaiva duku uye yakashanda zvikuru, ionizing gasi rakapoteredza uye ichibatsira pakugadzirisazve kwekutanga kwepasi rose.
Tinoziva sei? Redshift uye kuwedzera
Redshift inoratidza kuti makwara enzou ari kure ari kufamba, uye kana ari kure, ndipo paanowedzera kumhanya kwawo kunooneka., hukama hunoyerwa nemutemo waHubble uye hunofambirana nemhinduro dze cosmological dze general relativity.
Kuwedzera kwekuwedzera, kwakawanikwa muma90s, kunoda chikamu chisina kunaka chekumanikidza. (cosmological constant/dark energy) kuti ienderane nerelativity nekutarisa.
Nzvimbo dzinobvira dzechadenga
Ramangwana rinoenderana nehuwandu, geometry uye, pamusoro pezvose, chimiro cherima simba.: Zviitiko zvakadai seBig Freeze (kutonhora nekupararira), Big Crunch (recollapse) kana Big Rip (kubvarura kana w <−1) zviri patafura.
Kune Big Rip, nguva dzehurongwa hwe3,5 × 10 ^ 10 makore mushure meBig Bang dzave dzataurwa.; mugadziriro iyoyo, zvimiro zvakakura zvaizotanga kuwa, ipapo mapoka enyeredzi, masisitimu, nyeredzi, uye pakupedzisira, maatomu.
Mamwe mamodheru akadai sechadenga chinotenderera kana kuti ekpyrotic proposal Ivo vanokurudzira kutenderera / kuwedzera kutenderera kana "kudhumhana" kwemembrane muhukuru hwepamusoro hunotanga maBig Bang matsva.
Pfungwa yekusiyana-siyana inoratidza akawanda "mafuru" ane akasiyana zvimiro.; hausi humbowo hwakananga, asi hunomuka mune mamwe maitiro edzidziso uye hunopisa nharo dzemuganhu.
Chimiro chakakura: kubva munharaunda yefractal kusvika kune yunifomu yepasi rose
Chadenga chinoratidza hurongwa: nyeredzi → mapoka enyeredzi → masumbu → mapoka makuru akabatanidzwa nemitsetse; munharaunda inogona kutaridzika se "fractal", asi pazvinhambwe zvakakura kugovera kunova kwakafanana.
Mamepu eiyo microwave kumashure uye baryon acoustic oscillations anotsigira uyu mufananidzo., inopindirana nenheyo ye cosmological.
Magalaxi: mhando, nhamba uye evolution
Magalaxi akaiswa seelliptical, spiral (nyore uye yakavharwa), lenticular uye irregular., maererano ne morphology, gasi / guruva zvemukati uye nyeredzi yekugadzira chiyero.
Kunenge kune mazana emabhiriyoni emakwara enzou ari muchadenga chinooneka. (nenhamba dzakakura neongororo dziri nani), imwe neimwe iine mamiriyoni kusvika kumabhiriyoni enyeredzi.
Galactic evolution inoratidzwa nekubatanidzwa uye kupindirana izvo zvinoshandura zvimiro, zvinobatidza kuputika kwekuumbwa kwenyeredzi, uye kudya pakati pemakomba matema.
Iyo Milky Way uye nharaunda
Gara redu renyeredzi rakavharidzirwa rinotenderera rinenge 100.000 chiedza-makore muhupamhi uye ≈ 10 ^12 solar masses., ine ~ 200.000 mabhiriyoni enyeredzi uye Zuva ~ 27.700 light years kubva pakati, muOrion arm.
Boka reNharaunda rinosanganisira iyo Milky Way, Andromeda, uye akawanda madiki enyeredzi; neziso rakashama, kuwedzera kune Milky Way, tinogona kuona Andromeda uye, kubva kumaodzanyemba, Magellanic Clouds.
Mapoka enyeredzi maitiro enyeredzi asina kurongeka. iyo IAU yakamisa zviri pamutemo kumatunhu makumi masere nemasere kuronga denga rinoonekwa.
Nyeredzi: kubva kumwana kusvika kumagumo, ane zviitiko zvakanyanyisa
Nyeredzi dzinoberekerwa mu<em>nebulae, dzinotanga kusanganiswa kwehydrogen, dzichishanduka kuita hofori dzvuku, uye dzinopera sezvidhoma zvichena. Kana iwo ari epasi / epakati misa, achidzinga akaturikidzana mukati meinterstellar medium.
Iwo makuru kwazvo anoputika sesupernovae uye anosiya nyeredzi dzemanyutroni kana maburi matema., kubaya majekiseni anorema anopfumisa gasi rezvizvarwa zvenyeredzi.
Pulsar nyeredzi yenyutroni inokurumidza kutenderera ine simba remagineti. iyo inoburitsa matanda akajairwa, anoonekwa muredhiyo uye mamwe mitsara.
Quasars inonyanya kupenya inoshanda nuclei ine yakakwirira redshifts., inofambiswa nemakomba makuru matema anokura zvinhu; mamwe anopenya zvikuru.
Solar System: mapuraneti, mwedzi uye "vadiki" vane nhoroondo huru
Tine mapuraneti masere: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus neNeptune.Pluto ipuraneti diki. Zviuru zveexoplanets nekusiyana kukuru zvakatosimbiswa kunze kwepasi.
Masatelliti akazara: Nyika (1), Mars (2), Jupiter (makumi maviri, neIo, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto), Saturn (makumi mazhinji, kusanganisira Titan uye Enceladus), Uranus (27), Neptune (14); uyezve, Pluto ine 5 (Charon, Nyx, Hydra, Cerberus, Styx).
Asteroids nemakometsi anozadza mabhandi ari kure uye matura: inosimbisa bhandi reasteroid pakati peMars neJupiter uye Oort Cloud pamucheto waro, iyo ingangove sosi yeakawanda-nguva yakareba comets.
Mercury inotambura nekupisa kwakanyanya, mazuva akareba kwazvo ezuva, uye inochengeta ice mumumvuri wepolar craters., zvinoenderana neradar data uye mishoni senge MESSENGER.
Venus ndiyo inonyanya kupisa nekuda kwehutsinye hwegreenhouse effect uye inotenderera ichidzokera kumashure.; inobata chiteshi chelava chakareba kwazvo, Baltis Vallis (~ 6.800 km), humbowo hwekuputika kwemakomo.
Pasi ndiro pasi rakanyanya kuoma uye ndiro chete rine hupenyu hunozivikanwa.; kunyanyisa kwayo kwenzvimbo kunotangira kuEverest (8.848 m) kusvika kuChallenger Deep (≈10.984 m) muMariana Trench.
Mars inodada neOlympus Mons (≈22 km) uye Valles Marineris (zviuru zvemakiromita uye yakadzika kwazvo); pane humbowo hwemvura yakapfuura uye nharaunda dzaigona kunge dzichigarika.
Jupiter inoburitsa kupisa kwakawanda kupfuura iyo inogashira kuburikidza nemagetsi emagetsi, inotambira Great Red Spot uye zoo yemwedzi, kusanganisira Europa, mumiriri wepamusoro ane gungwa pasi peaizi.
Saturn inopenya nemhete dzayo dzeaizi neguruva, yakanyanya kunaka uye yakarongeka nemaresonances.Titan ine mhepo yakakora uye madziva emethane, ukuwo Enceladus ichiburitsa magiza emvura yakaremerwa nezvinhu.
PaUranus, Miranda ane mawere makuru seVerona Rupes (> 10 km inodonha), zvakavezwa ne tectonics uye zvichibvira kudziya kwemvura.
Triton, mwedzi mukurusa weNeptune, une chando, unotonhora zvikuru (≈−235 °C) uye unoshanda, ine nitrogen cryovolcanism uye retrograde orbit inoratidza kubatwa.
Mwedzi wedu uri kufamba ne ~ 3,8 cm pagore nekuda kwekukiya kwemvura; simba rinotamiswa kubva pakutenderera kweNyika kuenda kumwedzi, zvishoma nezvishoma uchirebesa mazuva.
Ruvara, chimiro uye "mitemo" ye cosmos
Avhareji yeruvara rwechadenga, ikaongororwa pamwero mukuru, yakadanwa kuti “cosmic latte.”, mhedzisiro yeavhareji yechiedza kubva kumazana ezviuru zvemapoka enyeredzi.
Chimiro uye kubatana kwepasi rose kwechadenga zvichiri kuongororwa.: inokodzera nzvimbo inogumira asi isina muganho (senge 3-sphere), kana nzvimbo hombe yakati sandara; dai chaive chakabatana uye chidiki, taizoona kudzokorora mapatani, chimwe chinhu chinoita sechisingabviri nhasi.
Kusvika kwatinogona kuyera, mitemo yepanyama yakafanana inoshanda kwose kwose.; hapana humbowo hwakasimbiswa hwekusiyana kwezvisingachinji kubva paBig Bang.
Kubva kuEinstein kusvika kumateresikopu makuru
General relativity akafanotaura cosmos ine simba, kunyange zvazvo Einstein akaunza muitiro we<em>cosmological mukutsvaga chisiko chose chakamira kusvikira ufakazi muma20 hwachinja manyoro.
Kuwedzera kwacho kwakasimbiswa ne red-shifted spectra uye mutemo waHubbleMakumi emakore gare gare, Penzias naWilson vakawana mazamu ekumashure aitsigira Big Bang.
Mapazi ekuongorora nyeredzi uye matsvakiridzo atinoita
Observational astronomy inounganidza data neteresikopu, probes, uye madetector., nepo nyanzvi yezvidzidzo ichivaka mhando nemifananidzo inotsanangura zvakaonekwa izvi.
Astrophysics, astrochemistry, cosmology uye exoplanet sainzi Ndidzo nzvimbo dzepakati; imwe neimwe inoshandisa mitemo yepanyama uye yemakemikari kune zviyero zvakasiyana uye mibvunzo.
Nemhando yechiedza, tinosiyanisa radio astronomy, infrared, optical kana X-rays, imwe neimwe inonzwa kune zvakasiyana zviitiko uye tembiricha, kubva kumhepo inotonhora kusvika kune yakanyanya simba maitiro.
Materesikopu emuchadenga anotenderedza mhepo uye akavakirwa pasi anotora mukana wenzvimbo dzakasarudzika.; sainzi yekuongorora nyeredzi yafambira mberi nehunyanzvi hutsva uye kutora chikamu kwevagari muzvirongwa zvakaita se
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Sayenzi yevagari vemo uye kuona kweamateur kunounza zviwanikwa chaizvo, nekuda kwematiweki ekubatana uye mapurojekiti akavhurika anotonga denga.
Astronomy Yevanotanga: Tanga Nhasi
Nezvirongwa zvakaita seStellarium kana SkySafari unogona kuona nyeredzi nekunongedza foni yako; iyo NASA app inopa chaiyo-nguva mifananidzo uye nhau.
Kuti uzvitungamirire, tsvaga Orion's Belt (nyeredzi nhatu mumutsetse) uye Big Dipper (yakaumbwa sengoro).Venus kazhinji ndiyo “nyeredzi” inopenya zvikuru, uye Jupiter inoonekwa senyeredzi yendarama yakanyanyisa.
Decent binoculars uye denga rakasviba rinovhura yakawanda scope.; gare gare, funga nezveteresikopu yakapfava uye dzidza nzira yekubatanidza uye kurongedza usati waenda kumusoro.
Kudzidzira mahara: kune zvidzidzo zvekutanga, zvinyorwa se "Cosmos" uye zviwanikwa zvepamutemo zvine kuomarara uye zvekudzidzisa zvinowanwa kumatanho ese.
Zvishandiso uye kuverenga kunokurudzirwa
Ongorora aya masosi kuchera zvakadzama uye kuenzanisa: mabhuku ezvenyeredzi
- 100 Astronomy Basics (PDF)
- Basic Astronomy Notes (PDF)
- NASA WMAP: Early Universe y JWST: Makwara Ekutanga
- General Relativity (Britannica)
- Cosmic inflation y dzidziso dzakasiyana siyana
Astronomy inoumba mepu yakabatana yechadenga nehumbowo hunosimbisana., kubva ku redshift uye microwave kumashure kusvika kune interstellar chemistry uye galaxy evolution. Nezvishandiso zvanhasi uye nekuwedzera kuri kuita nharaunda, gore rega rega tinokwenenzvera nhamba dzedu, tinomutsa mibvunzo mitsva, uye tinosimbisa vamwe. Chikamu chakanakisa ndechekuti chero munhu anogona kutora rwendo urwu uye kunakidzwa narwo nehupfumi hweruzivo.