Egypt yapa zviri pamutemo kudzorerwa kwezvifananidzo zviviri zvikuru zve alabaster yaFarao Amenhotep III muLuxor, chiitiko chikuru chekuchera matongo chakazoguma nebasa rinoenderera mberi kwemakore anoda kusvika makumi maviri. Mifananidzo iyi mikuru, ine chekuita nenzvimbo iyi inozivikanwa se Kolosi yaMemnonVanotonga zvakare nzvimbo yekumadokero kwerwizi rweNile uye vanobatana nehondo yenyika kuti vasimbise kukwezva kwayo vashanyi.
Zvifananidzo zviviri izvi, zvinomiririra Amenhotep III Zvivezwa izvi, zvakaputswa nekuputswa kubva kare, zvakavakwazve kubva mumazana emabhuroko akawanikwa panzvimbo imwe chete. Mushure mekuita kwenguva refu kwekunyora, kugadzirisa, uye kuunganidzazve, zvidimbu zvacho zvagadziriswazve. vakadzokera panzvimbo yavo yekutanga mukati metemberi yemariro yamambo, pedyo zvikuru nekorosi yakakurumbira iyo yave ichigamuchira vafambi pamusuwo wenzvimbo iyi kwemazana emakore.
Hofori mbiri dzealabaster dzinochengetedza Luxor zvakare
Zvinoenderana neruzivo rwakapihwa neBazi rezvekushanya neNzvimbo dzekare reEgypt, zvidhori zvitsva zvakagadziriswazve Dzinosvika pakati pemamita 13,6 ne14,5 pakurebaIzvi zvinovaisa pakati pezvifananidzo zvinoyevedza zveEgypt yekare. Zvakavezwa kubva ku alabaster yekuEgypt kubva ku Matombo eHatnubMuMiddle Egypt, vanomira pamatanda makuru akashongedzwa nezvinyorwa zvinotaura nezvetemberi yemariro yaAmenhotep III uye kwakabva dombo racho.
Mifananidzo mikuru inoratidza Farao kugara nemaoko akarara pazvidyaAchitarisa kumabvazuva, akananga kurwizi rwaNire nezuva riri kubuda, mambo wacho anopfeka hunhu hwacho Nguo yemusoro yeNemesakapfekedzwa korona mbiri dzeEgypt Yekumusoro neYezasi, uye jira rehumambo rine mapendekete, zviratidzo zveuchangamire hwake hweumwari panyika yeNire.
Patsoka dzamambo, zvakavezwa pachiyero chidiki, munhu anogona kuona mifananidzo yemukadzi wake, Mambokadzi Tiyevanogovana chitsiko naFarao. Chishandiso ichi chinosimbisa hunhu hwehumambo nemhemberero dzeboka iri, uye chinopa mufananidzo wesimba rezvematongerwo enyika neremhuri remumwe wemadzimambo ane simba guru muUmambo Hutsva.
Zvifananidzo zviviri zvikuru zvinotungamira zvakare pamusuwo we yemariro tembere yaAmenihotep III Kumadokero kwemahombekombe eLuxor, nzvimbo ine mahekita angangoita makumi matatu nemashanu iyo vesainzi vanoona seimwe yenzvimbo dzechitendero dzakakura uye dzakapfuma muEgypt yekare, dzinowanzoenzaniswa nehukuru uye kukosha kwetemberi yeKarnak, iri mhiri kwerwizi.
Chirongwa chekugadzirisazve chakatora makore anoda kusvika makumi maviri
Zvifananidzo zvinoonekwa zvakamira nhasi zvakasvika panguva yedu zvave zvakaora zvikuru. Vacheri vematongo vakazviwana mukati metemberi pachayo. Zvidimbu zvakapararira uye zvidimbuyakakanganiswa nemazana emakore ekudonha kwevhu, kuyerera kwemvura yemunyu, uye kushandiswazve kwezvidimbu mukuvaka kwakazotevera. Chirongwa chakatangwa mukupera kwema1990 chekugadzirisa chivakwa. basa rakabatana reIjipita neGermany kuedza kudzosera shure kudzikira ikoko.
Chirongwa ichi, chinotungamirwa nenyanzvi yezvekuEgypt Hourig SourouzianChinangwa chacho chaive che "kuponesa zvisaririra zvekupedzisira zvetemberi yaimbova nemukurumbira." Izvi zvaisanganisira kusanganiswa kwekuchera matongo, basa rekubatanidza chivakwa, uye chirahwe chakaoma chekuvakazve, umo chidimbu chimwe nechimwe chaifanira kudzorerwa panzvimbo yacho yekutanga mushure memakumi emakore—uye kunyange zviuru zvemakore—zvekusiyiwa.
Muna 2006, timu yepurojekiti yakatanga chikamu chakaomesesa: kuchenesa, kugadzirisa uye magwaro akadzama yezvivakwa zvikuru kuburikidza ne3D scans yakanyatsogadzirwa. Iyi tekinoroji yakaita kuti zvikwanisike kunyora vhoriyamu nemamiriro ebhuroko rega rega nemazvo, zvichibatsira kubatanidzazve zvinhu zvemagetsi zvisati zvafambisa zvidimbu zvinorema matani akati wandei pasi.
Pakangopera chikamu chekudzidza, vanogadzirisa zvinhu vakatanga kubatanidzwazve kwezvidhinhaKusimbisa nzvimbo dzisina kusimba zvakanyanya uye kuremekedza nguva dzose nhungamiro dzepasi rose dzekuchengetedza nhaka. Munyori Mukuru weDare Repamusorosoro reZvinhu Zvekare, Mohamed Ismail Khaled, akasimbisa kuti maitiro ese akatevedzera "nzira dzesainzi dzazvino uye zviyero zvepasi rose zvakashandiswa munyaya yekudzoreredza matongo."
Mhedzisiro yekupedzisira yakaonekwa muna 2025, apo zvifananidzo zvakatanga akasimudzwa ndokuiswazve Pachitsiko chechitatu chetemberi yemariro, pedyo zvikuru neColossi yeMemnon yakakurumbira, iyo yave ichizivikanwa kwemazana emakore. Nekuiswa kwayo zvachose, Luxor inodzosa chikamu chenzvimbo huru iyo inofanira kunge yakashamisa vashanyi vekare.
Kubva pakudengenyeka kwenyika kukuru kusvika pakuzvarwa patsva kwetemberi yakarasika
Kupatsanuka kwakawanikwa mifananidzo iyi mikuru kunokonzerwa nechiitiko chekudonha kwepasi kukuru. Sekureva kwezvidzidzo zvekuchera matongo, kudengenyeka kwenyika kwakasimba kwakaitika munenge muna 1200 BC Zvakakonzera kuputsika kwechikamu chikuru chetemberi yerufu yaAmenhotep III uye kuputsika kwezvifananidzo zvake zvikuru.
Mushure mekudengenyeka kwenyika, makorosi akasiyiwa nhengo dzakagurwa-gurwa uye dzakapararira Nekufamba kwenguva, zvimwe zvezvigadziko zvayo zvakatamiswa uye zvimwe zvezvidhinha zvakashandiswazve sezvinhu zvekuvaka mune dzimwe nzvimbo dziri pedyo, kusanganisira temberi pachayo. karnak templeMuitiro uyu, waiwanzoitwa kare, wakabatsira mukupararira kwezvinhu zvepakutanga uye wakaita kuti basa remapoka emazuva ano riome zvikuru.
Kudzoserwa kwezvidimbu kwaisanganisira kuzara kutsvaga kwezvakacherwa mukati nekunze yenzvimbo yekuvigwa, pamwe nekuteverwa kwezvidimbu zvakanyorwa mumakwikwi akasiyana-siyana apfuura. Bhokisi rega rega rakawanikwa raigona kunge rakabatana nezvidhori rakaongororwa, ragadziriswa uye, pazvaikwanisika, rakaiswa muboka rakavakwazve.
Chimwe chinhu chinoita kuti chirongwa ichi chiome ndicho nzira yekuvaka yeColossiKusiyana nezvimwe zvifananidzo zvikuru zvakavezwa kubva pabhuroko rimwe chete, mifananidzo iyi yakagadzirwa muchikamu chezvikamu zvakavezwa zvakasiyana, zvakabatanidzwa kune pakati pemonolithic core Yakagadzirwa nearabaster. Sisitimu iyi yakamanikidza vagadzirisi kuti vashande sevanachiremba, vachibatanidza zvidimbu zvehukuru hwakasiyana uye maumbirwo kusvika kugadzikana kwechivako chose kwadzorerwa.
Kushandiswa kwealabaster, chinhu chinokosheswa asi chisina kusimba kupfuura granite yemamwe makorasi ekuIjipiti, kwave kuchidawo kurapwa kwakananga kwe chengetedza dombo kubva kuhunyoro nemunyu kubva pasi pevhu reLuxor. Matanho aya anovavarira kuona kuti mufananidzo waFarao wawanikwa zvino unogona kuchengetedzwa zvakanaka kune zvizvarwa zvinotevera zvevashanyi nenyanzvi.
Amenhotep III, Farao wekubudirira nemabasa makuru
Zvifananidzo zvakadzorerwa pamusuwo wetemberi yemariro zvinoreva nguva yekubwinya kukuru kwekutonga kwa Amenhotep IIIMumwe wevanafarao vakakurumbira veHumambo Hutsva, akatonga kubva munenge muna 1390 kusvika 1353 BC, panguva yerunyararo rwemukati uye basa guru rezvematongerwo enyika. kuvandudzwa kukuru kwezvivakwa pedyo neNile Valley.
Munguva yekutonga kwake, mamwe ematombo akakurumbira ehupenyu hweFarao akavakwa, kusanganisira ake temberi yemufi iri kumadokero kweThebes (yava kunzi Luxor nhasi) uye imwe nzvimbo tsvene muSoleb, muNubia. Kunyange zvazvo zvakawanda zvezvivakwa izvi zvakarasika kana kuti zvaparadzwa, alabaster colossi yakadzorerwa panzvimbo yayo yekutanga inopa pfungwa yehukuru hwechirongwa chekuvaka chakakurudzirwa namambo.
Mummy waAmenhotep III, parizvino uri kuratidzwa mumiziyamu ye CairoNdiwo mumwe wemifananidzo mikuru iri muunganidzwa wakatsaurirwa kuUmambo Hutsva. Kuonekwazve kwezvifananidzo zvake muLuxor kunosimbisa nyaya iyi yenhoroondo uye kunobatsira kubatanidza veruzhinji nemufananidzo wezvematongerwo enyika nechitendero waFarao, uyo akaratidzwa semutongi waMwari mukukurukurirana nguva dzose nevamwari uye kutenderera kwezuva.
Nyanzvi idzi dzinosimbisawo kukosha kwezvifananidzo izvi pakunzwisisa kushanduka kweunyanzvi hweIjipita panguva yekuchinja kwaizokurumidza kutungamira kukuchinja kwechitendero kwemwanakomana wake Akhenaten. Mashoko akadai semabatirwo echiso, huwandu hwemuviri uye kuvapo kwezvimiro zvine chekuita nazvo—zvakaita saMambokadzi Tiye—anopa zviratidzo nezvezvinodiwa nerunako uye mashoko edzidziso edare reAmenhotep III.
Nekudzorerwa kwezvifananidzo, Luxor inovandudza nzvimbo yekuchera matongo yaitove nenzvimbo huru dzakadai seLuxor Temple, Karnak, Valley of the Kings, uye Valley of the Queens, zvichisimbisa chinzvimbo chayo seimwe yenzvimbo dzakakurumbira. mamiziyamu makuru kwazvo pasi rose.
Luxor senzira yekushanya kwetsika dzemuIjipita
Kuratidzwa kwezvifananidzo zviviri zvikuru zveAmenhotep III chikamu che hurongwa hwakakura hwehurumende yeEgypt Kuti nyika imutsiridze kushanya mushure memakore akati wandei ematambudziko, yakatarisana nezviitiko zvikuru zvekuchera matongo senzira yekukwezva kutariswa kwenyika dzese uye kusimbisa chitarisiko chayo senzvimbo yakachengeteka kune vanofarira nhoroondo netsika.
Mhemberero iyi yakaitika kuLuxor chete mavhiki matanhatu mushure mekuvhurwa kweGrand Egyptian MuseumNzvimbo yemamiziyamu yakamirirwa kwenguva refu iri pedyo nePiramidhi yeGiza neSphinx inoonekwa senzvimbo huru yechirongwa chekuvandudza chikamu chekushanya uye kuwedzera mari yekunze yehupfumi huri pasi pekumanikidzwa kukuru.
Kushanya, kwakavakirwa zvakanyanya pane Zvisaririra zveFarao, Greco-Roman uye Islamic yemunyika, inopa chikamu chikuru cheGross Domestic Product yeEgypt. Mushure mekusagadzikana kwakakonzerwa nekumukira kwa2011, zviitiko zvemhirizhonga, uye kumira kwakakonzerwa nedenda re coronavirus, nhamba idzi dziri kutanga kuratidza kupora kwakasimba.
Zvinoenderana nedata repamutemo, muna 2024 anenge 15,7 miriyoni vashanyiiyo yaimirira inenge 8% yeGDP yenyika. Gurukota rezvekushanya nezvinhu zvekare, Sherif Fathy, varatidza kuti chinangwa chenguva pfupi ndechekusvika Vashanyi vanosvika mamiriyoni gumi nemasere pagorenechinangwa chekusvika vashanyi vanosvika mamiriyoni makumi matatu muna 2032 kana mari yekudyara nekugadzikana zvikaramba zviripo.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, zviremera zvine chivimbo chekuti kuvhurwazve kwekorasi yeAlabaster yeAmenhotep III kuchava chimwe chezvipo Nzvimbo dzinokwezva nyeredzi dzeLuxor mumakore mashoma anotevera. Fathy akasimbisa kuti nzvimbo iyi "ichava nzvimbo inonakidza kwemakore anotevera" uye kuti muguta "munogara muine zvinhu zvitsva zviri kuitika," achitaura nezvekuenderera mberi kwekuwana zvinhu zvitsva uye mapurojekiti ekugadzirisa munzvimbo yeTheban.
Kune vafambi vanobva Europe uye SpainLuxor ichiri imwe yenzvimbo dzinonyanya kufarirwa parwendo rweNile, uye kugadziriswa kwezvifananidzo zvikuru izvi kunowedzera chimwe chinonakidza kune mafambiro ekare. Masangano ane hunyanzvi atotanga kusanganisira kushanyira zvifananidzo zvitsva zvakagadziriswa parwendo rwavo kuWest Bank, pamwe chete neMupata weMadzimambo neTemberi yaHatshepsut.
Kumiswa kwezvifananidzo zvikuru zveAmenhotep III muLuxor kunomiririra zvese zviri zviviri kudzoreredzwa kwechitsauko chakakosha chenguva yakapfuura yeFaro sechishuwo cheIjipita chekuburitsa nhaka iyoyo mune ramangwana. Mushure memakore makumi maviri ekushanda nemwoyo murefu, mufananidzo wamambo unokwira zvakare pamusoro pebani reTheban, uchiyeuchidza kunaka kwetemberi yaikwikwidzana neKarnak uye uchisimbisa basa renhaka seinjini yekusimudzira hupfumi, kutsvagisa kwesainzi, uye kushanya munyika yeNile.
