Mushure kupfuura makumi matatu emakore pasina mhosvaAfrican swine fever (ASF) yakabudazve muSpain, uye yakazviita munzvimbo inonyanya kuoma: nharaunda ye Autonomous University of BarcelonaMuguta reCerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), kuonekwa kwehutachiona munguruve dzemusango dzakawanda kwakonzera kuti nyika irasikirwe nechirwere chepasirese neWorld Organisation for Animal Health uye yakaridza mabhero muchikamu chekurimisa nguruve.
Ndicho chirwere chinotapukira chevhairasi Inobata chete nguruve dzepamba uye nguruve dzomusango, nehuwandu hwekufa iyo mumhando dzakanyanya hutsinye hunogona kusvika ku100%. Kunyangwe zvisingaise njodzi kuvanhu kana kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu, kukanganisa kungaita kurima kwezvipfuyo, kutengeserana kunze kwenyika, uye nzvimbo zhinji dzekumaruwa kwakakura, saka zviremera zvakamisikidza zvirongwa zvenjodzi pasina kunonoka.
Kekutanga kubuda kweAfrica swine fever muSpain kubvira 1994
ari Veterinary services yeGeneralitat yeCatalonia Vakazivisa bazi rezvekurima, reFisheries neChikafu (MAPA) nezvekuonekwa kwe nguruve dzesango mbiri dzakafa munharaunda yeBellarra campus yeAutonomous University yeBarcelona, ​​​​yakawanikwa munaNovember 25 na26, ingangoita kiromita imwe chete. Samples dzakatumirwa kune Algete Central Veterinary Laboratory (Madrid) yakasimbisa kuvepo kwehutachiona hweASF.
Izvi mhedzisiro zvinoreva kutanga kuonekwa kwechirwere muSpain kubva munaNovember 1994Nyika yainzi yakasununguka seAfrican swine fever pazuva iroro, mushure memakore anopfuura makumi matatu ekutambura. Mazuva mashoma mushure mekutanga kuwanikwa, dzimwe nguruve dzemusango dzakaonekwa kuti dzine hutachiona Colserola makomokubatanidza tarisiro panzvimbo iyi yakabatikana iri pedyo neguta.
Ministry yakasimbisa kuti iyi i kwete-zoonotic chirwereVanhu havagone kutapukirwa nekubata mhuka dzinorwara kana nekudya zvigadzirwa zvenguruve. Naizvozvo, dambudziko riri mukati hutano hwemhuka uye zvehupfumikwete hutano hwevanhu.
Mukuwirirana, zvinotevera zvakatangwa: epidemiological kuongorora kuedza kuona kwakabva utachiona mumhuka dzesango idzi. Pakati pefungidziro dzinotaurwa pane dzinonzi “kuburikidza ne sandwich": Zvisaririra zvezvigadzirwa zvenyama zvakasvibiswa (semuenzaniso, sausage sandwich yakakandwa mumarara) inopedzisira yadyiwa nenguruve dzemusango, nzira yakatoonekwa mune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope.
Nzvimbo ine utachiona, kuvharirwa kwepurazi uye kutonga kwenguruve dzemusango
Kutevera kusimbiswa kwenyaya dzekutanga dzakanaka, iyo Inoshanda bhuku rekushandisa kurwisa ASFIyi protocol inosanganisira iyo kuganhurwa kwenzvimbo ine utachiona kutenderedza nzvimbo iyo mhuka dzakawanikwa uye nekugadzwa kwenzvimbo dzakati wandei dzine mwero wakasiyana wekudziviswa kuderedza kupararira kwehutachiona.
Munzvimbo yepedyo yekutarisa, mu a 6 makiromita radiusKuvharika kwakazara kwenzvimbo yechisikigo kwakatemwa: zviitwa zvekutandara, kuvhima, basa remasango, uye chero kuvepo kumaruwa kusinganyanyokosha kunorambidzwa. [Izvi zvinotevera zvinoita kunge zvisina hukama uye pamwe chidimbu chegwaro rakasiyana:] Vari kuisawo zvipingamupinyi zvemuviri uye zvemakemikari, pamwe chete nemisungo, kudzikamisa kufamba kwenguruve dzemusango zvakanyanya sezvinobvira uye edza kudzichengeta mukati menzvimbo yakapoteredzwa.
Kupfuura iwo musimboti, a 20-kilomita yekutarisa nzvimbo inosanganisira mamwe maguta makumi matanhatu nemana, anosanganisira Sabadell, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Cerdanyola, Terrassa, RubÃ, uye Barberà del Vallès. Mukati meiyi nharaunda, kutonga kwekupfuya nguruve kwakasimbiswa, kufamba kwemhuka kwakaganhurirwa, uye kutarisisa uye nekushingaira kuongorora mhuka dzesango kwakasimbiswa.
Mukati meiyo 20 km radius, zvinotevera zvakaonekwa 39 mapurazi enguruve yekugadzira uye kubereka Zvichienderana nezvirambidzo zvekushanda uye zvekutengesa: mapurazi mashanu ari mukati mekutanga 10 km uye 34 pakati pegumi ne20 km. Mune ese, zvipimo pakupinda nekubuda kwemhuka, kuongororwa kwekiriniki, epidemiological ongororo uye kunyatsoongorora kwebiosecurity matanho akaitwa.
Zviremera zvinofungidzira kuti munzvimbo yakabatwa pakarepo pane a nguruve dzomusango dzine mweroyakakomberedzwa nenzvimbo dzine miti, zvivakwa zvemigwagwa, nenzvimbo dzinogara vanhu. Chinangwa pari zvino ndechekudzivirira mhuka idzi kuti dziende kunzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda, dzakadai se Colserola Natural Park padyo neguta reBarcelona, ​​​​uko kubuda kwehutachiona kwaizokanganisa zvakanyanya kutonga.
Economic and commercial impact paSpanish pork
Kuonekwazve kwe ASF kunouya panguva iyo Spain ndiyo yakakura inogadzira nyama yenguruve muEuropean Union uye mumwe wevatambi vepasi rose. Muna 2024 chete, [nhamba yakashaikwa] yakaurayiwa munyika. 54 mamiriyoni enguruveiyo inomiririra yakapoteredza 24% yekugadzirwa kwenharaunda, uye nyama yenguruve inokwana inenge 40% yezvinhu zvose zvezvipfuyo zvenyika.
Chikamu chine mucherechedzo export orientationSpain inotumira zvigadzirwa zvenguruve kune dzinopfuura zana nyika uye inogadzira zvinenge 9.000 miriyoni euros pagore mune zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika, chikamu chakakosha kwazvo chinobva kuCatalonia. Nguruve uye nyama yenguruve zvigadzirwa account kune zvakatenderedza 19% yezvokudya uye zvinwiwa zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika yenharaunda iyi, ine huremu hwakakosha mumatunhu epakati (Osona, Bages, Berguedà ), uko mazana emapurazi nemaindasitiri akaiswa.
Chiziviso chekubuda kwechirwere chakakonzera kudzivirira kuvharirwa kwezvitupa zvinodarika zana zvehutano kunze kwenyika Izvi zvinorambidzwa zvinoshanda kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvigadzirwa zvenguruve uye kunzvimbo. Nyika dzakaita seJapan neMexico dzakasarudza kumisa kutengeswa kwenguruve kubva kuSpain yese, nepo vamwe vanodyidzana navo vakabvuma kumisa zvirambidzo kunzvimbo yakakanganisika.
China, mutengi mukuru weSpanish nyama yenguruve muna 2024, yakanga yasaina chibvumirano neSpain munaNovember 12. regionalization protocol yeAfrica swine fever. Nekuda kwechibvumirano ichi, Beijing yafunga kurambidza chete kunze kwenyika kubva mudunhu reBarcelona, ​​​​panzvimbo yekumisa kuvharika zvachose. Nekudaro, chiyero ichi chichiri kurova zvakanyanya kune indasitiri yemuno, uye mishumo yakaratidza izvozvo kumiswa kwekutenga zvimwe zvinhu chaizvo, senge calibration guts.
IUnited States, United Kingdom, South Korea, nedzimwe misika dzakaratidzawo chido chekuita matunhu, kunyange zvazvo muBritish nyaya a kumbomira kwenguva refu Mamiriro ezvinhu ari kuongororwa. Bazi rezvekurima rinobvuma kuti, munyika dzinonyanya kudiwa, zvirambidzo zvinogona kuenderera kwemwedzi yakati wandei, zvisinei nekuyedza kudzoreredza zvishoma nezvishoma.
Yakavandudzwa biosecurity uye basa rechikamu nekuvhima
African swine fever (ASF) yakanyorwa muEuropean Union se chikamu A chirwereizvo zvinoreva chisungo chekutora matanho akasimba ekukurumidza kwayo kuzvidzora uye kuparadzwa munzvimbo dzakakanganisika. Bazi rezvekurima raita chikumbiro chakajeka kuchikamu ichi kuti tora matanho ekuchengetedza zvipenyu zvakanyanya zvose mumapurazi enguruve uye mukubata nguruve dzomusango uye mukutakurwa kwemhuka.
Mazano acho anosanganisira kuomesera kuwana kudzora kumapuraziKuvandudzwa nekuchengetedza fenzi yekutenderera, kunyatsocheneswa uye kuuraya hutachiona hwemotokari nemidziyo, manejimendi akakodzera ezvigadzirwa, uye kudzikisira kushanya kwekunze ese matanho akakosha. Zvinosimbiswa kuti chero fungidziro yekiriniki, munguruve uye nguruve yemusango, inofanirwa kutaurwa. kuonana pakarepo kune veterinary services yepamutemo yenharaunda dzinozvitonga.
Masangano emasangano akadai seInterprofessional Association yeWhite-Coat Pigs akasimbisa kuti kukurumidza kuona nyaya Izvi zvinoratidza mwero wepamusoro wekutariswa kwehutano muSpain uye kurongeka pakati pehutongi. Zvichakadaro, masangano ezvekurima ave nemakore achida kuti a kutonga kukuru kwemhuka dzesango, achinongedzera kunguruve dzomusango sedziva rezvirwere zvakawanda uye achisimbisa kuti kuwandisa kwadzo kunowedzera ngozi yokutapurirwa.
La Spanish Hunting Federation Akayeuchidza vavhimi nezvekudiwa kwekushandisa zvine hungwaru matanho ekuchengetedza mhuka mukubata kwemhuka, manejimendi ekuvhima ne-zvigadzirwa, uye kuuraya hutachiona hwemidziyo nemotokari, kudzivirira kufamba kwezvisaririra zvebiological kunze kwenzvimbo dzakatenderwa. Nharaunda yekuvhima inozviona sechikamu chakakosha che kuongororwa nekukasira chechirwere muhuwandu hwenguruve dzemusango.
Padanho remasangano, Ministry yakakokera musangano Veterinary Health Alert Network Committee (RASVE) uye yakataura nezvedenda kune ese ari maviri European Union uye World Organisation for Animal Health. Zviremera zvinosimbirira kuti, zvisinei nekuipa kwechiitiko ichi, a chiito chakasimba uye chinokurumidza Inogona kubatsira kudzora kubuda, sezvakatoratidzwa muzviitiko zvekupedzwa munyika dzakaita seBelgium, Sweden kana Czech Republic mushure mekupinda kwega kwehutachiona.
Chii chinonzi African swine fever uye inoparadzirwa sei?
African swine fever is a utachiona hunotyisa hwehemorrhagic inobata nguruve dzemusango nenguruve. Inopa akati wandei mafomu ekiriniki (hyperacute, acute, subacute uye asingaperi), asi mune yayo yakanyanya hutsinye shanduro inokonzera. kupisa kwakanyanya, matambudziko ekufema, kubuda ropa mukati uye kufa mukati memazuva matanhatu kusvika makumi maviri muzhinji dzemhuka dzakabatwa.
Haapo mushonga wekutengesa kana kurapwa chaikoNaizvozvo, chishandiso chega chinoshanda ndechekudzivirira uye kutonga kwakasimba kwekufamba. Kana hutachiona huchipinda mupurazi, iyo yakajairwa protocol ndiyo kuuraya kwehutsanana kwemhuka dzese dzine hutachiona kana idzo dzakasangana nehutachiona, kuuraya hutachiona hwakanyanya, uye kusikwa kwedziviriro uye nzvimbo dzekutarisa dzine zvirambidzo zvakasimba pakufamba kwenguruve uye zvigadzirwa.
Transmission inogona kuitika zvese ne kusangana kwakananga pakati penguruve dzine utachiona uyewo zvisina kunanga kuburikidza nezvinhu zvakasvibiswa, motokari, zvipfeko, shangu, maturusi, chikafu, kana zvimedu zvekudya. Mune mamwe matunhu, mamwe marudzi ezvikwekwe anoitawo semavekita, achichengetedza hutachiona muma sylvatic cycles.
Imwe yehunhu inonyanya kunetsa nyanzvi ndeye kudzivirira kwezvakatipoteredza kwehutachionaInogona kuramba ichishanda kwenguva yakareba munyama itsva kana kuti yakaomeswa nechando, zvinhu zvakaporeswa kana kupfungaira, ropa rakaiswa mufiriji, uye kunyange muzvitunha zvenguruve dzomusango munzvimbo dzinotonhora. Kushingirira uku kunoreva kuti chiitiko chakareruka chemarara asina kuchengetedzwa zvakanaka kana kufamba kusingadzoreki kwezvigadzirwa zvinogona kukonzera kubuda munyika yaimbova yakasununguka.
Pasi rose, ASF inopararira munzvimbo huru dze Sub-saharan africaNekudaro, kubvira 2007 yakawedzera nekukurumidza muEurasia mushure mekutanga kwayo muGeorgia uye yakazopararira kuRussia, China, uye Eastern Europe. MuEuropean Union, parizvino iripo muhuwandu hwenguruve dzemusango uye, mune dzimwe nguva, mumapurazi enguruve. 13 Nhengo dzeNyika, kusanganisira Germany, Italy, Poland kana Romania.
Situation muEurope uye kumashure muSpain
MuEU, African swine fever yakaunzwa muna 2014 kuburikidza ne Nyika dzeBaltic nePoland, kubva kuRussia. Kubva ipapo, yakapararira kusvika Italy, Germany, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Greece, Romania, Bulgaria neCroatia.Dzimwe dzenyika idzi dzinochengetedza hutachiona zvakanyanya munguruve dzemusango, nepo dzimwe dzakatamburawo nekubuda mumapurazi ekutengesa.
Pasinei nemamiriro ezvinhu aya, nyika dzakawanda dzakakwanisa kubvisa chirwere mushure mekupinda kwega kwega uchishandisa drastic control uye surveillance matanho. Iyi ndiyo nyaya ye Belgium, Sweden, uye Czech Republic pachayoavo vakakwanisa kuwanazve chimiro chavo savanhu vakasununguka pashure pamakore ebasa munzvimbo dzomusango, kutsvaka mitumbi kwakasimba uye ganhuriro dzakasimba dzokufamba munzvimbo dzakatapurwa.
Spain inonyatsoziva kuoma kwechirwere ichi. Hutachiona hwakasvika paIberian Peninsula mukupera kwema1950, mushure mekutanga kuiswa Portugal muna 1957Mhosva yekutanga yeSpain yakaziviswa muna 1960. Kubvisa zvachose hakuna kuwanikwa kusvika pakati pemakore makumi mapfumbamwe, mushure anopfuura makumi matatu emakore ekuedza nezviyero zvekuuraya, kudzora kufamba uye kuvandudzwa kwehutano hwemhuka.
Mumakore achangopfuura, mapoka akasiyana-siyana esainzi akanga anyevera nezvazvo kuwedzera njodzi yekudzoserwa nekuda kwekuwedzera kwezviitiko muEastern Europe uye kuwedzera kwakasimba kwenguruve dzemusango muSpain. Vatsvagiri kubva kuResearch Institute of Hunting Resources vakatogadzira a njodzi mepu yekupinda kweASF munyika, umo nzvimbo yeBarcelona nenzvimbo yakapoteredza yakaonekwa seyakanyanya kuoma pfungwa, chimwe chinhu chakaitika munguva pfupi yapfuura.
Pasi rose, World Organisation for Animal Health inofungidzira kuti, kubva muna Ndira 2022, ASF yakonzera kufa kwenguruve dzinopfuura mamiriyoni maviri munyika 69 nematunhu. Europe iri pakati penzvimbo dzakanyanya kukanganiswa maererano nehuwandu hwekuputika uye mhuka dzakaurayiwa, nekurasikirwa kwakakura kudarika miriyoni imwe yenguruve.
Kuwanda kwenguruve dzemusango uye njodzi yehutano
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kunetsa nyanzvi ndeye kuwandisa kwenguruve dzemusango munzvimbo zhinji dzeSpain. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mumakore gumi apfuura nhamba yezvienzaniso yakawedzera zvakapetwa kaviri, kusvika kunosvika mamiriyoni maviri. Kuwanda uku kunokonzera kukakavara kwekurima, tsaona dzemumigwagwa, uyezve kunowedzera njodzi yekupararira kwechirwere.
Iyo PPA inoonekwa sea density-inotsamira chirwereNemamwe mashoko, kana mhuka dzakawanda dzawanda munharaunda, zvinoita nyore kuti utachiona hurambe huchipararira huchibva kune mumwe huchienda kune mumwe, kunyanya kana pane zvitunha zvakawanda kana kuti zvisaririra zvinogona kudyiwa nedzimwe nguruve dzesango.
Nguruve dzemusango hadzisi kunetseka chete nekuda kweAfrican swine fever. Maitiro avo uye kuchinjika kwavo zvinovaita a reservoir yezvirwere zvakawanda yezvipfuyo zvekufarira, senge tibhii, chirwere cheAujeszky, kana kunyange zoonotic agents zvinogona kukanganisa vanhu. Ndosaka masangano mazhinji ezvekurima nesainzi ave nenguva yakareba achidana kutungamira kwakasimba kwemhuka dzesango uye kutonga kukuru kwevanhu.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu aripo, zviremera zvematunhu zvakasarudza sunga nguruve dzesango Nzvimbo ine matanda umo maive nemakesi akanaka yakavharirwa uye nzvimbo dzekupinda dzakavharwa kudzivirira kubuda kwechirwere ichi kupararira kunzvimbo dzine mhuka dzakatonyanya. Pamusoro pezvo, chirongwa chekutsvaga zvitunha chakatangwa, chinosanganisira vamiririri vekumaruwa, mapurisa, nevechiremba wemhuka.
Kudyidzana kwevagari kwakakosha zvakare: vanhu vanokumbirwa kuti vasaswedere kana kubata. mhuka dzakafa kana mhuka dzine zviratidzo uye zivisa masevhisi echimbichimbi (foni 112) kana ukawana nguruve yemusango yakafa musango, ichidzivirira kubata chero kwakananga kana kusanangana nemuviri.
Hapana njodzi kuvanhu, asi nemhedzisiro inogara pane chikamu
Zviremera zvehutano uye chikamu chenguruve pachacho chinoomerera pakutumira meseji ye kusimbisa vanhu: African swine fever Hautapurirwe kuvanhu Hakutapurirwe kuburikidza nekusangana nemhuka dzine utachiona kana nekudya nyama yenguruve kana yenguruve. Haisi zoonosis uye haina kuunza dambudziko rekuchengetedza chikafu.
Kushandiswa kwe nyama yenguruve kubva pazvitunha zvakadzorwa Inoonekwa yakachengeteka zvachose, uye kupihwa kumisika yeSpain kunovimbiswa. Kushushikana, naizvozvo, kwakanangana nehutano hwemombe, mamiriro emapurazi ari pedyo nenzvimbo yakakanganiswa, uye zvekutengeserana uye zvehupfumi kukanganisa zvine chekuita nezvinorambidzwa kunze kwenyika.
Nyanzvi dzehutano hwemhuka dzinotiyeuchidza kuti, kana nguruve yemusango yaziviswa, iyo Kuongororwa kunosungirwa kunotora kanenge 6 uye 12 mwedziNokudaro, kudzokera kune zvakajairika kunogona kutora nguva. Minister of Agriculture pachavo vakataura kuti zviri pamutemo free country label African swine fever haizopora, kana zvakanakisa, kwegore.
Muchiitiko chekuti chirwere ichi chaizopinda mupurazi renguruve, nguva yekudzoreredza chiitiko ichi zvakare yakareba: mushure mekuuraya uye kuuraya hutachiona, kutsiva kwemhuka kunogona kutariswa mushure memavhiki matanhatu, asi nguva dzose ongororo inoenderera izvo zvinosimbisa kusavapo kwehutachiona.
Zvichakadaro, hurumende yepakati uye hurumende yeCatalan inosimbirira pakuda kungwara, kubatana uye basa rekugovanaVanovimbisa kuti mapurazi eCatalan ane miitiro yakakwira yekuvandudza uye kuchengetedzeka, uye vane chivimbo chekuti mhinduro yakasimba uye yakarongeka ichabvumira chikamu ichi kuti chirambe chiri chiitiko chega, kudzivirira hutachiona kubva kusvetukira kuzvipfuwo uye kuderedza mhedzisiro yenguva refu yeimwe yembiru dzeSpanish agri-chikafu hupfumi.
Kuonekwazve kweAfrica swine fever kwadzosa Spain pamepu yehutano hwemhuka yeEurope panguva yakakosha kune chikamu chayo chekupfuya nguruve, uye inoshanda sechiyeuchidzo chakasimba chekukosha kwe. biosecurity, manejimendi emhuka dzesango uye kudyidzana nedzimwe nyikaChii chinoitika mumwedzi iri kuuya, kubva pakudzora kubuda muCollesrola kusvika kudzoreredzwa kwemisika yekunze, zvicharatidza ramangwana reiyo yemhando yekugadzira iyo yakazvisimbisa sebhenji repasi rose.
